National Institute of Statistics, Italy

Data source(s) used: Account indicators of Regions and Independent Provinces:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat survey “Final balance sheet of autonomous regions and provinces”.Account indicators of Provincial governments and Metropolitan Cities:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat processing “Final balance sheet of provinces”.Account indicators of Municipalities:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat processing “Final balance sheet of municipalities”.Account indicators of Union of Municipalities:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat processing “Final balance sheet of union of municipalities”.Account indicators of Mountain Communities:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat processing “Final balance sheet of mountain communities”.Account indicators of Chambers of Commerce:the indicators are processed on the data of the Istat survey “Survey on final balance sheet of public bodies/institutions: chambers of commerce”.Account indicators of Local health units, Hospital companies, University hospitals, General hospitals and Hospitals with a scientific character:the indicators are processed on the data of the survey “Profit and loss account of local health units, hospital companies, university hospitals, general hospitals and hospitals with a scientific character”, carried out by the Ministry of Health.Account indicators of Universities, Polytechnic institutes and Institutes of higher education:the indicators are processed on the data of the survey “Homogeneous drafting of final balance sheets of universities”, carried out by the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research.Indicators on personnel:the indicators are processed on the data of the survey “Annual count”, carried out by the Ministry of Economy and Finances. Other data characteristics: The flag (n) indicates that the data is not available or can not be calculated.

Data source(s) used: Migration and calculation of foreign resident population and structure by citizenship : Istat since 2011 has been producing estimates on characteristics (citizenship of origin, gender and age) of the new Italian citizens and on the different ways of access to citizenship (marriage, residence, etc.). The data are also provided to Eurostat for Regulation (EC) 862/2007. The estimates are produced using different data sources. Istat: municipal registry lists Ministry of Interior: datasets on acquisitions of citizenship.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: The 3rd October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).General government Account by sub-sectorThe account is compiled according to the format specified by the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) for the general government Sector (EU Regulation n. 549/2013, chapter 20).This representation, adopted within the European statistics, enables the immediate comparability of national accounts of Italy general government with those of other EU countries.The pattern uses an account structure with two sections which sets out the main items of revenue and expenditure of general government.The general government sector (S.13) consists of institutional units which are non-market producers whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption, and are financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth.In Italy the general government is divided into three levels: central government, local government and social security funds.For some aggregates (total revenue, current revenue, capital revenue, total expenditure, current expenditure, capital expenditure, current transfers, investment grants, other capital transfers, interests) values relative to general government sector are different from the sum of subsectors’ values. It’s due to the consolidation in the general government sector accounts of the transactions that occur between general government’s subsectors. Consolidation refers to the elimination, from both uses and resources, of transactions that occur between subsectors when they are grouped.This occurs commonly when the accounts of subsectors of general government are combined.Consolidation does not affect balancing items, so the net borrowing (net lending) of general government corresponds to the sum of the net borrowing (net lending) of its subsector, because the consolidated items appear symmetrically within each account.The basic statistic sources used for the compilation of the ‘consolidated general government account’ are statistical surveys on the budget flows, or the financial reports of the units concerned.Information about the different Administrations are validated both in terms of internal consistency , both of dynamic time series plausibility , in according to current legislation and specific phenomena that can affect the aggregates considered.Central government units:State: State financial statement, reworked both on cash and on commitments basis by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Department General Accounting Office (RgS).The State cash account (RgS); furher analytical information provided by the Ministry of Economy and Finance Departments.Other units of the central government (constitutional bodies , other central economic activities, regulatory bodies, research bodies, economic service producers, institutions providing cultural assistance services): financial statements and Istat surveys on the budget flows, complemented with specific information provided directly by the entities.Local government bodies:Regions: final financial statements of Regions supplemented with specific detailed information provided by the entities.Provinces: final financial statements certified by the Ministry of the Interior.Municipalities: final financial statements certified by the Ministry of the Interior.Local Health Agencies (Asl), Hospital agencies, Public Research Hospital, university polyclinics: budget flows acquired by the Health Information System managed by the Ministry of Health.Local Government producers of services of care, recreation, culture and sectoral regulatory:Istat surveys on the budget flows, final financial statements, income statement and balance sheet.Social security funds: closing balance sheets of ‘INPS’ and ‘INAIL’, Istat surveys on the budget flows of social security funds. For some specific flows , budget information is supplemented with extra-budgetary information.

Data source(s) used: Quick survey on building permits: Quick Survey on building permits is a quartely and sample survey; it collects information on new building projects (residential or non-residential) or enlargement of pre-existing buildings, with the exception of transformations and renovations. Information is supplied by those who ask for building permits or start-of-work notification (DIA) or SCIA and is collected by municipalities that monthly send the material to Istat.

Data source(s) used: The business confidence survey in the manufacturing sector: The survey is carried out in the framework of the joint harmonized EU Programme of business and consumer tendency surveys (the latest normative reference is the Commission’s decision COM (2006) 379 , 2006 July 12). The survey collects qualitative data on the current and expected cyclical situation of the manufacturing firms on monthly basis (e.g. assessments and expectations on firm’s order books, production and liquidity conditions; assessments on stocks of finished products; expectations on firm’s employment and selling prices), along with expectations on the Italian general economic situation. Quarterly, some other variables regarding the main aspects of the firm’s general situation are investigated (production capacity, numbers of worked hours, new orders, stocks of commodities and unfinished products, export order books, the factors limiting the production, months of production secured and capacity utilization), along with some information about the firm’s competitive position. The reporting unit and the sample unit is the firm. The target universe is made up by the Italian firms with five or more employees, classified in Section C of the NACE rev.2 classification. The survey is monthly. ISTAT manages the data collection by CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing). The sample is represented by a panel of about 4000 firms. The sample design is stratified by economic sectors (identified by the divisions of section C in NACE rev.2), geographic partitions and firm sizes (in terms of employees). The sampling frame is extracted by the official ASIA archive (the statistical archive of active enterprises elaborated by ISTAT). The confidence climate is built as an arithmetic average of the balances on the assessments on the order books and the stocks of finished products (with a negative sign) and the expectation on the production over the next 3 months. Monthly, the confidence climate index for the whole manufacturing sector, the four geographical areas (North-west, North-east, Centre, South and Islands) and for the main industrial groupings (MIGs, Consumer Goods, Intermediate Goods and Capital Goods) is calculated. All series are seasonally adjusted using the Tramo-Seats method. Other data characteristics: All the series are estimated using the gross value added at factor cost as weight. More specifically, estimates until 2009 are obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2005; starting from 2010 estimates were obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2012. The series under the heading Previous series - climate (2005 = 100), instead, are weighed with similar weights pertaining to the year 2005 for all the period released. At the same time starting from the publication of march 2015, the confidence climate index both for the whole sector, the four geographical areas (North-west, North-east, Centre, South and Islands) and for the main industrial groupings (MIGs, Consumer Goods, Intermediate Goods and Capital Goods) is released with base 2010=100.Balances are calculated by considering the frequencies not rounded.: The following quarterly series: Export turnover (in %),Assessments on export turnover,Expectations on export turnover,Export/domestic price ratio,Export destination,Major competitors,Factors influencing export are available on March, on June, on September and on December. The following quarterly series: Production capacity – current,Numbers of worked hours,Orders books, past 3 months,Export order books, next 3 months,Factors limiting production,Months of production secured,Capacity utilisation,Stocks of commodities and unfinished products,Competitive position are available on April, on July, on October and on January.: Variables concerning credit: since 2015, October, variables are surveyed quarterly; more specifically they are surveyed in March, June, September and December. Raw series are available starting from 2008, March.From 2016 on, survey results for the 3-digit sectors of the following eight two-digit sectors belonging to section C of the Nace rev.2 classification are no more provided: manufacture of food products, manufacture of textiles; manufacture of chemicals and chemical products; manufacture of fabricated metal products (except machinery and equipment); manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; manufacture of electrical equipment and of non-electric domestic appliances; manufacture of other transport equipment; other manufacturing.

Data source(s) used: Business confidence survey in Services: Services survey is carried out within the joint harmonized EU (European Union) project (EC -European Commission- Decision C (97) 2241 of 15 July 1997 and EC ommunication COM (2006) 379 of 12 July 2006). The survey provides information about managers' assessments and expectations of the main economic variables in their company (level of order books, business situation, turnover etc.).The survey is carried out on a monthly basis and addressed to a panel of 2.000 firms (cut off 3 employees). The survey sample design is stratified by economic sectors (identified by NACE rev.2 divisions), geographic partitions and firm sizes (in terms of employees). Furthemore, the Neyman optimum allocation method to strata is applied for determining the strata size. The sampling frame is ASIA archive (Statical Archive of active firms). The services confidence indicator, according to the EU methodology, is calculated as the simple arithmetric average of the balances of answers to the questions on assessments and expectations of demand and to the question on the assessments on the business situation. All series are seasonally adjusted using the Tramo-Seats method. Other data characteristics: Following to the availability of the data of the NACE rev.2 divisions 75 and from 90 to 96 (apart from the one 94), the revision of all series of the services confidence climate survey was effectuated. Since June 2013, in fact, the above mentioned data were included into all the aggregates. Moreover, for a few series, a further revision also for previous periods to June 2013 was carried out. More specifically, in occasion of April 2017 release (reference month data: April 2017), all monthly series as well as all the quarterly ones concerning to the credit section were revised as from January 2012; with reference to the quarterly series capacity utilization, the revision of the entire series was effectuated from the first quarter of 2010.The previous series (2005=100) were not revised.All the series are estimated using the gross value added at factor cost as weight. More specifically, estimates until 2009 are obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2005; starting from 2010 estimates were obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2012. The series under the heading Previous series - climate (2005 = 100), instead, are weighed with similar weights pertaining to the year 2005 for all the period released.Starting from the publication of May 2017, the definition of the confidence climate in the service sector changes. More specifically, balance series concerning the expectations on the general economy was replaced by the one pertaining to the assessments on the general business situation; doing so the confidence climate is coherent with the one calculated by the European Commission. Therefore, starting from May 2017, confidence climate is built as average of balances concerning assessments and expectations on orders and balance of the assessments on the general business situation. Confidence climate index is released with basis 2010=100 and the new series has been calculated again since march 2005. Confidence index with basis 2005=100 (previous series) has not been calculated on the basis of the new definition.Moreover, at the same time the publication of May 2017, all the balance and frequency replies series have been revised from January 2003 to december 2009.Balances are calculated by considering the frequencies not rounded.: Variables concerning credit:since 2015, October, variables are surveyed quarterly; more specifically they are surveyed in March, June, September and December. Raw series are available starting from 2008.

Data source(s) used: Business Confidence Survey in Retail Trade: The Business Confidence Survey in Retail Trade falls within the goal of a wide range of cyclical surveys harmonised at European level and for which ISTAT has been the Italian partner since January 2011. The survey aims to gather and to timely disseminate the opinions (assessments and expectations over the next 3 months) of the sector operators on cyclical trends in the main economic variables in the retail trade. The principal phenomena recorded on a monthly basis concern, in particular, assessments on the current business situation, level of stocks, suppliers’ prices as well as expectations (over three successive months) regarding the volume of orders, the workforce, selling prices and sale volumes. The enterprise is the reporting unit and the analysis unit. The target universe is composed of all the enterprises classified in the division 45 (all groups) and the division 47 (only groups from 47.1 to 47.7, inclusive) of the statistical classification of economic activities EC-NACE Rev. 2. The sample design is a random sample with a panel stratified by class of employees, geographic division and main kind of economic activity. The sampling frame is based on ASIA archive (statistical archive of active firms). The survey is addressed to a panel of 1000 firms. In line with the methodology adopted at EU level, on a monthly basis, the indicators of the business climate in the sector will be processed considering this element both as a whole and broken down into the two categories of traditional and large-scale retailing. In particular, the indicators are defined as the arithmetical average of the balances (seasonally adjusted) pertaining to the questions on both the present and future business situation and the assessments of stocks (with the mathematical sign inverted). All series are seasonally adjusted using the Tramo-Seats method. Other data characteristics: All the series are estimated using the gross value added at factor cost as weight. More specifically, estimates until 2009 are obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2005; starting from 2010 estimates were obtained using gross value added referring to the year 2012. The series under the heading Previous series - climate (2005 = 100), instead, are weighed with similar weights pertaining to the year 2005 for all the period released. At the same time the publication of march 2015, the confidence climate index both for the whole sector and the two kind of distribution (tradition and large-scale retailing) is released with base 2010=100.Balances are calculated by considering the frequencies not rounded.: Variables concerning credit:since 2015, October, variables are surveyed quarterly; more specifically they are surveyed in March, June, September and December. Raw series are available starting from 2008, March. The raw series are available for the whole sector and for type of retail distribution from March 2008.

Data source(s) used: Demographic projections - Years 2017-2065: Forecasts are calculated by gender, year of the forecast, median scenario and uncertainty level ( 90%, 80% and 50% confidence intervals). The data are provided for Italian regions. The forecasts cover a period until year 2065.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source (s) used: Labor force survey: from the labor force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labor supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area , hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labor market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals, as well as a far-reaching reorganization of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd March 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Environmental tax revenue by category: Environmental taxes, as part of the more general group of taxes, are compulsory payments to the government, where the benefits provided to the taxpayer are not directly linked to the payment. A tax is defined as an environmental tax if its base is ‘a physical unit (or a proxy of it) of something that has a proven, specific negative impact on the environment’. This approach, consistent with the international guidelines on environmental taxes, assigns primary importance to the tax base in deciding whether a tax is environmental or not, while the purpose stated by the tax legislator is not relevant. Hence, environmental taxes include both instruments designed with an environmental motivation and instruments with a different stated purpose. The ‘General Government aggregates and Accounts’ (Conti ed aggregati economici delle Amministrazioni pubbliche) produced by Istat National Accounts, are the main source of environmental tax revenue data. The revenue raised by a specific environmental instrument is in some cases singled out within the released General Government accounts , while in other cases is part of the revenue raised by a broader tax Environmental taxes Italy are grouped – consistently with international guidelines – into four categories: energy, transport, pollution, resources.Energy taxes include all taxes on energy products used for both transport (mainly petrol and diesel) and stationary purposes (mainly fuel oils, natural gas, coal and electricity). CO2-taxes are also included under energy taxes rather than under pollution taxes as they are often introduced as a substitute for other energy taxes.Transport taxes mainly include taxes related to the ownership and use of motor vehicles. Taxes on other transport equipment (e.g. planes), and related transport services are also included here, to the extent that they are consistent with the general definition of environmental taxes.Pollution taxes include taxes on measured or estimated emission to air and water, management of solid waste and noise. As already mentioned CO2-taxes are included under energy taxes.Resource taxes include fiscal instruments related to the intake of natural resources. In Italy, there are no environmental taxes belonging to this category.Data by paying unit:Units paying environmental taxes include resident economic activities producing goods and services, resident households or non residents; if part of the revenue cannot be allocated to a specific unit this is presented as 'not allocated'. Environmental taxes paid by economic activities: For resident economic activities producing goods and services, data are broken down by the classification of economic activities NACE Rev.2Environmental tax revenue by CEPA class: Environmental taxes can be broken down by CEPA class (Classification of Environmental Protection Activities and expenditures): 1. Protection of ambient air and climate, 2. Wastewater management, 3. Waste management, 4. Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water, 5. Noise and vibration abatement, 6. Protection of biodiversity and landscape, 7. Protection against radiation, 8. Research and development, 9. Other environmental protection activities.Environmental tax revenue by earmarking: Depending on the use of the revenue, two kinds of environmental taxes are distinguished:• specific taxes, or earmarked taxes, i.e. taxes whose revenue is used to finance environmental protection expenditure;• other environmental taxes, i.e. taxes whose revenue is NOT earmarked for environmental protection expenditure. Other data characteristics: Due to data rounding, sometimes the sum of numbers displayed does not exactly equal the total.

Data source(s) used: Trips and holidays survey: The survey, in accordance with the European Regulation 692/2011 (repealing from 1 January 2012 the European Directive 95/57/EC), satisfies the national needs by collecting regularly data on 'tourism demand' and ensuring, together with supply data, the availability of an integrated system of statistical information in the field of tourism at national level. Moreover, complying with the Regulation, the survey guaranties a set of harmonized statistical information across all member states of the European Union. The aim is to quantify and analyze the flows of tourists resident in Italy, both within the country and abroad, as well as to give information on the characteristics of the trips and on the socio-demographic characteristics of tourists and non-tourists. The reference periods are the all months of the year. In each period, for each household member, information about trips ended in the referring month is collected. Tourism flows are distinguished into trips for personal reasons and business trips, the first ones differentiated between short holiday (1-3 overnight stays) and long holiday trips (4 or more overnight stays). The survey provides a wide set of information on tourist trips, such as destination of the trip, main purpose, type of organization of travel, main type of accommodation and main mean of transport, duration and period of the year for each trips made, etc. From 1997 to 2013, Istat carried out the quarterly survey with CATI tecnique (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) on a sample of about 14,000 households per year (approximately 3,500 per quarter and 32,000 individuals per year). Since 2014 the survey has been included into another process, Household budget survey, becoming a focus into the initial and ending interview. It is conducted monthly with CAPI technique (Computer Assisted Personal Interview), over a theory sample of 28.000 households (7.000 households per quarter). Comparability of the series of the main data has been guaranteed over time at national level. In fact, the principal macrodata have been re-built by applaying a tecnique of time series re-building.

Data source(s) used: OROS Survey (Employment, earnings and social security contributions): The Oros survey is aimed at producing quarterly indicators on gross wages, other labour costs and total labour cost for firms with at least one employee. To reduce the statistical burden on enterprises, Oros survey uses data from pre-existent statistical surveys and from administrative sources. Oros indicators are estimated by the integration of Social Security data (employers’ social contribution declarations to Inps, the Italian Social Security Institution) and monthly Large firms Survey data (LES). The Oros target population are enterprises and private institutions with employees that, in the reference quarter, have paid wages and salaries subjected to social contributions and classified in the sectors of industry (sections B to F of the Nace Rev. 2) and services (G to N of the Nace Rev. 2). Each quarter, Oros survey releases a provisional estimate on the current quarter and a final estimate related to the same quarter of the preceding year. The provisional estimate is released with a delay of about 70 days after the end of the reference period and can be revised for the next three quarters until the final estimate release, after 12 months. The final estimate is required to incorporate the new information available after the provisional estimate. The discrepancy between the preliminary estimate and the final one depends on many different factors: - quality and completeness of the final version of the administrative micro data improve with respect to the preliminary version; - the annual revision of the LES data referred to the previous year, included in the OROS estimates in the delivery of the first quarter; – updating of structural variables based on other external sources (e.g. Nace Rev. 2 economic activity classification and institutional nature, etc.); - occasional methodological revisions of the indicators’ estimate.

Data source(s) used: The compilation of the System of Health Accounts is based on the integration of administrative data and samples. The sources used are • Istat sources:- Final consumption expenditure by general government, according to ESA 2010 and to classification COFOG (Classification of the Functions of Government), division 7 'Health'; - Households' final consumption expenditure in healthcare according to ESA 2010 and to the classification COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose);- National Accounts, Final consumption of non-profit Institutions serving households (NPISH);- Survey on households: health conditions and use of medical services;-Household Budget Survey (HBS).• Ministry of health sources:- Assistance Level Costs (LA) forms, survey on expenditures of Local Health Units (LHUs) by health care level (Livelli Assistenza-LA);- National Information Dependency System (SIND);- Mental health information system (SISM);- Information system for assistance monitoring in Emergency-Urgency (EMUR);- Survey forms on management and economic activities of LHUs (Form STS11 -"Dati anagrafici delle strutture sanitarie" and form STS21 - "Assistenza specialistica territoriale - Attività clinica, di laboratorio, di diagnostica per immagini e di diagnostica strumentale"-HSP24 "Day hospital, nido, pronto soccorso, sale operatorie, ospedalizzazione domiciliare e nati immaturi");-Information system for monitoring direct and behalf distribution of medicines (Distribuzione diretta e distribuzione per conto-DD);- Hospital discharge form (SDO).• Other sources:- Bank of Italy: Survey on international tourism;- Insurance Supervision Institute (IVASS): Financial Statements of Insurance Corporations;- Italian Revenue Agency - Business Sector Studies (Studi di Settore);- Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), The Medicines Utilisation Monitoring Centre (OsMed) and IMSHealth.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labor force survey: from the labor force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labor supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area , hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labor market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals, as well as a far-reaching reorganization of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd March 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Production index - construction: The field of observation of the estimated index of production in construction (IPC) is all construction activities referred both to new and maintenance activity. The periodicity of the index was quarterly until the third quarter of 2010, after which began disseminating monthly. Due to the difficulty in doing a direct survey on building companies, an indirect methodology is used to calculate the IPC: output changes are calculated on the basis of a production function that combine the production inputs (working hours, intermediate inputs and physical capital). The production function is estimated using elementary enterprise data referred to the year 2005. This indirect approach is also recommended in Eurostat short-term statistics methodological to solve problems arising in measuring the output of the construction sector for the strong prevalence of small and very small building companies.Survey on building workers' welfare funds:Survey on working hours in construction sector. The survey is performed with a monthly frequency, and the data are one of the sources of the process “Index of production in construction”. This index is disseminated with a monthly frequency. The survey data are not released directly.

Data source(s) used: Monthly survey on retail sales: The retail trade monthly survey refers to retail trade enterprises. Sales of motor vehicles and fuel and repairs are also excluded.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Monthly survey on employment, working time, earnings and labour cost in large enterprises: Data are collected monthly on enterprises with more than 500 employees covering sectors from B to S of Nace rev.2. Enterprises have been selected from Istat Business Register (Asia 2015); in 2015 large enterprises survey includes 1450 enterprises that represent 23,0 per cent of total employees in the register (17,7 per cent in industry and 26,1 per cent in services). The survey collects information on the number of employed persons, working hours, labour cost, salary and wages at the end of the month. Other data characteristics: The data for January 2015 and February 2015 were adjusted in regard to the additional information received after the publication of 2015 April 30.

Data source(s) used: External trade of alive animals Monthly data produced by COE with reference to the number of animals and their body weight are elaborated. Also the quantities of meat, traded across the border are processed. The species examined are: bovine, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We distinguish intra-EU than with the rest of the world.

Data source(s) used: Livestock statistics on bovine, pigs, sheep and goats The survey on livestock is conducted on a sample survey and produce statistics on the number of bovine animals, pigs, sheep and goats. It has to be produced twice a year: 1° june and 1° december of each year on the basis of the European Regulation (the last one is Reg. (EC) No 1165/2008).

Data source(s) used: Persons registered in and cancelled from the population register due to change of residence:The English description of the source is not available at this time, for methodological details go to the Siqual system

Data source(s) used: Yearly survey on milk and dairy products The survey gathers data on collected milk and its use at a national level (dairy products: drinking milk, cheeses, butter, etc.).Monthly survey on milk and dairy products The monthly survey gathers data on milk quantity collected by farmers-milk producers and its use. The main selected variables are: collected cow’s milk, ewe’s milk, goat’s and buffalo’s milk; drinking milk, cream, fermented milk or yogurt, butter and cheeses, etc. The monthly survey is conducted according to a European directive and provisional data are directly transmitted to Eurostat and disseminated on-line in the agriculture and livestock information System.

Data source(s) used: Anthropic pressure and natural hazards. Mining and quarrying extraction activities: The survey aims to produce a complete knowledge framework on mining and quarrying extraction activities in Italy at regional scale, taking into account environmental pressures of exploitation of non-renewable natural resources and presence of extraction sites. Basic data are collected directly from local public institutions with competence within mining and quarrying extraction issue (Regions, Provinces, Autonomous Provinces and Sicily Mining Districts). According to minerals classification of the Royal Decree n. 1443 year 1927, data are collected on mineral resources from either quarries and mining. Data on about one hundred types of mineral resources are collected; energy-producing minerals extractions are not included, as out of competence of local public institutions. Statistics at regional level (NUTS 2) are provided on yearly base on presence, type (mining or quarrying) and status (active or no-active) of extraction sites, on extractions of mineral resources (either in weight and volume units) by mineral type.

Data source(s) used: The 3th October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).GDP and expenditure components: It shows among the resources gross domestic product at market prices and net imports; while the uses include final consumption and gross capital formation. Generation of income account: It shows the destination of domestic product (NDP) to compensation of employees and indirect taxes less subsidies. It allows to calcolate the operating surplus that corresponds to the income which the units obtain from their own use of their production facilities.

Data source(s) used: The 3rd October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).Gross value added at basic prices: Gross value added at basic prices is output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers’ prices. The basic price is the amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a product or service minus any tax on the product plus any subsidy on the product.Gross value added at factor cost: Gross value added at factor cost is derived from GVA at basic prices by subtricting other taxes on production and adding other subsidies on production.Output: Output consists of the products created during the accounting period. Three types of output are distinguished: market output; output produced for own final use; other non-market output.Output at basic prices: Output is at basic prices when it is valued by subtricting taxes on products and including subsidies on products.Output at factor cost: Output at factor cost is valued by subtracting taxes and including subsidies.Compensation of employees, wages and salaries and social security contributions:Compensation of employees (D1) is defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during the accounting period. Compensation of employees is broken down into: wages and salaries (D11): wages and salaries in cash; wages and salaries in kind; employers’ social contributions (D12): employers’ actual social contributions (D121); employers’ imputed social contributions (D122).Provision for severance pay:amounts which the employer sets aside in a special fund and pays to the worker upon termination of employment due to retirement, change of job or dismissal. It is included in actual social contributions. Other subsidies on production(D39): Other subsidies on production consist of subsidies except subsidies on products which resident producer units may receive as a consequence of engaging in production.Other taxes on production: Other taxes on production consist of all taxes that enterprises incur as a result of engaging in production, independent of the quantity or value of the goods and services produced or sold. Household consumption: It consists of the expenditure, including expenditure whose value must be estimated indirectly, incurred by resident households on individual consumption goods and services, including those sold at prices that are not economically significant and including consumption goods and services acquired abroad. It presents the final consumption expenditure of households broken down by the COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose) classification and by durability. Gross fixed capital formation: Gross fixed capital formation consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of producer or institutional units.Consumption of fixed capital: Consumption of fixed capital represents the amount of fixed assets used up, during the period under consideration, as a result of normal wear and tear and foreseeable obsolescence, including a provision for losses of fixed assets as a result of accidental damage which can be insured against.Gross capital stock: Gross capital stock refers to the cumulative flow of volume investments, corrected for retirement. In the gross stock, assets are treated as new until they are retired: it is assumed that they retain their full productive capacity until removed from the stock.Net capital stock: Net capital stock is the sum of the written-down values of all the fixed assets still in use; it can also be described as the difference between gross capital stock and consumption of fixed capital.Per capita values: per capita values are average values obtained relating economic aggregates (e.g., GDP, Households final consumption expenditure, value added, compensation of employees)to the number of inhabitants or to the variables concerning labour inputs.

Data source(s) used: The 3rd October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).Gross value added at basic prices: Gross value added at basic prices is output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers’ prices. The basic price is the amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a product or service minus any tax on the product plus any subsidy on the product.Gross value added at factor cost: Gross value added at factor cost is derived from GVA at basic prices by subtricting other taxes on production and adding other subsidies on production.Compensation of employees, wages and salaries and social security contributions:Compensation of employees (D1) is defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during the accounting period. Compensation of employees is broken down into: wages and salaries (D11): wages and salaries in cash; wages and salaries in kind; employers’ social contributions (D12): employers’ actual social contributions (D121); employers’ imputed social contributions (D122).Household consumption: It consists of the expenditure, including expenditure whose value must be estimated indirectly, incurred by resident households on individual consumption goods and services, including those sold at prices that are not economically significant and including consumption goods and services acquired abroad. It presents the final consumption expenditure of households broken down by the COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose) classification and by durability. Final consumption expenditure by general government It includes two categories of expenditures: a) The value of the goods and services produced by general government itself other than own-account capital formation and sales; b) Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households – without any transformation – as social transfers in kind. This implies that general government just pays for goods and services that the sellers provide to households. It provides a breakdown of government expenditure according to their function. To meet this end, economic flows of expenditure must be aggregated according to the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG).Gross fixed capital formation: Gross fixed capital formation consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of producer or institutional units.

National Accounts: Sequence of Accounts, Italy Data source(s) used: The 3th October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).GDP and expenditure components: It shows among the resources gross domestic product at market prices and imports; while the uses include final consumption, gross capital formation and exports.Production accounts: It shows the transactions relating to the production process proper. Its resources include output and taxes less subsidies on products, and its uses include intermediate consumption. The balance of this account is value added at an aggregate level, it can be used to obtain GDP.Generation of income account: It shows the destination of domestic product (NDP) to compensation of employees and indirect taxes less subsidies. It allows to calcolate the operating surplus that corresponds to the income which the units obtain from their own use of their production facilities.Allocation of primary income account: It shows how to arrive to net national income. It lists under resources: operating surplus, national compensation of employees, indirect taxes paid to the rest of the world, taxes less subsidies on production and imports, capital transfer receivable from the rest of the world.Secondary distribution of income account: It records the operations of redistribution performed by taxes, contributions, social benefits and other transfers with the Rest of the world. It allows to calcolate national disposable income.Use of disposable income account It shows the allocation of national disposable income between national final consumption expenditure and net national saving.Capital account: It records acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets (mainly gross capital formation), measuring the change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers. The balance of this account is net lending or borrowing.International transactions account: It records all operations of distribution and redistribution occurring between residents and non residents. It allows to obtain net lending or borrowing towards the rest of the world.

Data source(s) used: National materials' use accounts: Material flow satellite accounts provide, in accordance with the European Regulation on Environmental Accounting (691/2011), aggregated measures, by kind of material, of physical exchanges (in mass units) of the national socio-economic system with the natural system and the rest of the world.These accounts include all materials other than water and air. They are based on a complete and articulated database, that comprises and reconciles numerous sources of data on intakes of natural resources from the national territory, as well as all exchanges with the rest of the world.While intakes from National territory include – by definition – only natural resources, i.e. materials as they are in nature, exchanges with the rest of the world concern the whole range of material products, from raw materials to the most composite final products. There is therefore an important asymmetry between the two kinds of flows: in particular, it is necessary to keep in mind that “upstream” of internationally traded products there are great quantities of resources extracted from nature and transformed into residuals.The data, coherent with those provided by monetary national accounts, allow analysis of the material aspect of socio-economic metabolism, of sustainability of production and consumption, of decoupling between economic activity and environmental pressures and of resource productivity.The application of the residence principle implies the inclusion in the flows, as far as those with the rest of the world are concerned, next to imports and exports respectively, of products purchased abroad by resident units and of products purchased in Italy by non-resident units. In practice, this integration only concerns the most relevant of these flows, those of fuels.The indicators "Direct material input", "Domestic material consumption” and “Physical trade balance” describe, in a highly aggregated way, the direct use and the provenience of natural resources and products. Because of the asymmetry highlighted above, caution has to be put in the interpretation of these indicators in terms of resource consumption and environmental pressure, as their significance has to be evaluated according to the context and the objectives of the analysis. Initiatives are ongoing at the European as well as national level, in order to calculate data and indicators in “raw material equivalents”.All data are expressed in weight units (thousand tonnes).

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Since being introduced at the beginning of the 1950s, the survey has played a primary role in the statistical documentation and analysis of the employment situation in Italy and has proven to be an indispensable instrument of knowledge for public decision-makers, the media and citizens alike. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992.

Data source(s) used: Absolute poverty: The ISTAT estimate of the absolute poverty defines as poor a household with a consumption expenditure lower or equal to the monetary value of a basket of goods and services considered as essential to avoid severe forms of social exclusion. The monetary value of the basket of absolute poverty is reviewed every year in the light of trend in prices and compared to the levels of spending on household consumption. To summarize information on different poverty aspects (spread, gravity) two indices are calculated. The first is the proportion of poors (incidence), that is the ratio between the number of households (individuals) in poverty and the number of resident households (individuals). The second is the mean poverty gap (intensity), measuring 'how poors are the poors', that is, in percentage terms, the difference between the mean consumption expenditures of poor households and the monetary value of the basket of absolute poverty. Since 2014, the data source of poverty estimates (the Household Budget Survey) has been completely reviewed. As a consequence, it has been necessary to reconstruct absolute poverty time series since 2005. Time comparisons between 2014 estimates and previously disseminated estimates can be made only using reconstructed data.Relative poverty: The ISTAT estimate of the relative poverty is based on a poverty line (International Standard of Poverty Line - ISPL) defining as poor a household of two components with a consumption expenditure level lower or equal to the mean per-capita consumption expenditure. To define the relative poverty line for different household sizes an equivalence scale is used (Carbonaro equivalence scale) to take into account different needs and economies/diseconomies of scale that can be achieved in bigger/smaller households. To summarize information on different poverty aspects (spread, gravity) two indices are calculated. The first is the proportion of poors (incidence), that is the ratio between the number of households (individuals) in poverty and the number of resident households (individuals). The second is the mean poverty gap (intensity), measuring 'how poors are the poors', that is, in percentage terms, the difference between the mean consumption expenditures of poor households and the poverty line. Since 2014, the data source of poverty estimates (the Household Budget Survey) has been completely reviewed. As a consequence, it has been necessary to reconstruct relative poverty time series since 1997. Time comparisons between 2014 estimates and previously disseminated estimates can be made only using reconstructed data. Other data characteristics: Absolute poverty thresholds: The values of monthly absolute poverty thresholds, for selected household typologies (detailed by number and age of components), by geographical area and municipality type, can be calculated at:

Data source(s) used: The 3rd October 2014 Istat released the new annual series of national accounts based on the new European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). At the same time, as in other European countries, the time series of national accounts have been subjected to an extraordinary revision, exploiting advances in methods and sources (e.g. the new balance of payments estimates issued by the Bank of Italy based on the new manual BPM6).Quarterly non-financial accounts for General Government: analyze the dynamics of the main public finance indicators. Moreover, the account gives information on the aggregates constituting general government expenditure (compensation of employees, intermediate consumption, social benefits, and interest) and revenue (taxes and social contribution).

Data source(s) used: Survey on Research and Development in enterprises The english description of the source is not available

Data source(s) used: Permits of stay to foreigners:The English description of the source is not available at this time, for methodological details go to the Siqual system

Data source(s) used: Migration and calculation of foreign resident population and structure by citizenship The survey allows the calculation of the demographic balance of the foreign resident population and gives the amount of foreign residents for each year. Foreign resident population is represented by individuals who do not have Italian citizenship having usual residence in Italy. It is calculated for each municipality on December 31st of each year that follows the population Census, adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded during each calendar year Other data characteristics: The data may properly be placed in time-series considering, for the years before 2011, the series of demographic balances rebuilt on the basis of the results of the XV General Population and Housing Census, published in the data set "Reconstruction Intercensal.

Data source(s) used: Migration and calculation of foreign resident population and structure by citizenship The survey allows the calculation of the demographic balance of the foreign resident population and gives the amount of foreign residents for each year. Foreign resident population is represented by individuals who do not have Italian citizenship having usual residence in Italy. It is calculated for each municipality on December 31st of each year that follows the population Census, adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded during each calendar year Other data characteristics: Data subject to change for reconstruction after the last Population census

Data source(s) used: Municipal resident foreign population by sex and year of birth: The municipal resident foreigners by age and sex is yearly calculated on 31 December and spread on 1 January of the following year. Other data characteristics: Data for previous years are available in the Inter censuses estimates theme

Data source(s) used: Processing of hospital discharge data Since 1995 the Hospital discharge form became the ordinary instrument to gather information on every patient discharged (including patients died in hospitals) from public and private hospital in the national territory.

Data source(s) used: Survey on road accidents resulting in death or injury: the “road accidents survey” collects all road accidents resulting in death or injury, involving at least a vehicle circulating on the national road net and documented by a Police authority or military corps. The survey carried out by Istat, with the cooperation of ACI (Automobile Club of Italy) and other public national institutions, is an exhaustive and monthly based data collection (National Statistical Programme - PSN – 00142 code). The data collection system has been adapted to the local level organisation and needs. A flexible data flow model has been adopted by Istat, through the subscription of special agreements with Regions (NUTS2 level) and Provinces (NUTS3 level), to facilitate the local authorities information needs and to improve the timeliness and quality of data collected.

Data source(s) used: Road freight transportThe English description of the source is not available at this time, for methodological details go to the Siqual system

Data source(s) used: Road freight transportThe English description of the source is not available at this time, for methodological details go to the Siqual system

Data source(s) used: Nowcast system for demographic indicators: Nowcast of the main statistical indicators aimed at studying the demographic trends of the population. In particular, as regards to fertility behaviour the crude birth rate and the total fertility rate are calculated; as regards to mortality behaviour the crude mortality rate and the life expectancy at birth and at age 65 are calculated; as regards migration behaviour the crude migration rates internal and whit abroad flows are estimated. Finally to get a picture of population ageing the main dependency rates are calculated Other data characteristics: Ageing index is the ratio of the population aged 65 and over and the younger population ( 0 -14 ) years

Data source(s) used: Social protection accounts:Construction of the social protection accounts has the purpose to gather under one accounting structure the national accounts flows related to Secondary distribution of income account and Redistribution of income in kind account. In this way social protection encompasses interventions from public or private bodies on covering social benefits to households and their financing. Data on social protection expenditure are drawn up according to the European system of integrated social protection statistics (ESSPROS) methodology, as provided by the Council Regulation 458/2007, in line with the new European system of national accounts ESA 2010 (REG. EU No 549/2013), adopted by all member states of European Union since September 2014.The data are consistent with those disseminated in the last release of GDP and deficit of General Government.

Data source(s) used: Marriages: The survey on marriages, was established in 1926. It's an individual and exhaustive survey, which collects the data of all the marriages celebrated in Italy and the socio-demographic characteristics of the spouses.The survey uses the Istat D.3 model, compiled by the officer of the municipality where the marriage was celebrated. The model is divided into two parts: the first one collects the information about the marriage: the date, the rite of celebration (religious or civil), and the common property regime chosen by the couple (joint or separated ownership of property); the second one collects information about the spouses: date of birth, place of birth, place of residence at the time of marriage, future place of residence of the spouses, marital status, level of education, occupational status, position in the profession, branch of economic activity, citizenship. Other data characteristics: The indicators that do not involve the use of the population (civil weddings - percentage values, joint ownership of property - percentages, marriages with at least one foreign spouse - percentages, second or later marriages - percentages) were calculated according to three different territorial classification:- According to the classification in force in 2017 (107 provinces);- According to the classification in force at the time of the Census of 2011 (110 provinces);- According to the classification in force in the year in which the marriage was celebrated, in the event that was different from that of 2017 and of the Census of 2011 (103 provinces for 2004 and 2005, 107 provinces for the years ranging from 2006 to 2009).

Data source(s) used: Labor force survey: from the labor force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labor supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area , hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labor market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals, as well as a far-reaching reorganization of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd March 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labor force survey: from the labor force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labor supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area , hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labor market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals, as well as a far-reaching reorganization of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd March 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Labour force survey: from the labour force survey Istat derives its official estimates of the number of employed persons and job-seekers, as well as information about the main labour supply aggregates, such as occupation, economic activity area, hours worked, contract types and duration and training. Istat collects the information each quarter by interviewing a sample of nearly 77,000 households, representing 175,000 individuals who are resident in Italy, even if they are temporarily abroad. Households usually living abroad and permanent members of communities (religious institutes, military barracks, etc.) are not included. The survey has been updated over the years to take into account continual transformations in the labour market on the one hand, and the growing information requirements of users regarding the social and economic reality of our nation, on the other. The most recent change was undertaken at the beginning of in 2004 in line with European Union regulations. The current sample survey is continuous insofar as information is collected during every week of the year and no longer during a single week per quarter. The results are still disseminated on a quarterly basis, except for provincial data which are disseminated annually. A significant feature of the survey is the establishment of new criteria for identifying employed and unemployed individuals,as well as a far-reaching reorganisation of the data collection and production process. To make new estimates comparable with estimates referring to previous years, Istat has reconstructed the time series since the fourth quarter of 1992. Data have been updated since 2nd march 2015 due to the statistical back-recalculation of population time series, based on Census results, disseminated the 14th January 2015. Monthly data were recalculated from January 2004 to December 2014; quarterly data from second quarter 2002 to third quarter 2014; annual data from year 2002 to 2013.

Data source(s) used: Automobile Club of Italy: The Public Register of Motor-vehicles (PRA), data base managed by ACI (Automobile Club of Italy), contains all information on properties assets and legal aspects for vehicles recorded in the archive. The disseminated statistics, based on the PRA database information, are referred to the stock of Italian vehicles at the date December 31st of every year, to the new registrations and cancellations of vehicles during the year. The reference laws for the establishment of PRA register in 1927 is the R.d.l.436/27, for PRA automation starting and implementation, the D.L. 187/90 and D.M. 514/92. PRA register represents a very important legacy adequate to provide data on vehicles, useful for different studies and researches (mobility, pollution, car market….etc.)

Data source(s) used: Gross contractual wages, length of work contract and yearly wages and salaries on an accrual basis: Statistics from this survey are based on concept of labour price. For each nation-wide collective agreement, the number of employees and their composition by specific wage level (combined with indications for seniority, skill, estimation about shift work) are fixed at a base year and remain constant until the renewal of base has been done. Employees exclude apprentices and managers. The base used now is December 2010=100 Moreover, these indicators are not influenced by changes due to overtime, worked hours or not worked for strikes or worker's illness. Istat produces two type of statistics on wages according to collective agreements: monthly index (IRC) and annual figures (RCA). Both indicators include basic pay, seniority and shift work allowance, all bonuses specified in national agreements and payable to all workers as well as those paid periodically (e.g. the 13th month). Bonuses related to individual performance or individual working conditions, supplementary payment agreed at the company or local level are not included. Monthly index excludes also bonuses-arrears and una tantum paid in late, but these two items are included in the annual wage figures (retribuzione annua di competenza o di cassa). Wages include tax and social security contributions paid by employees. The monthly index is calculated dividing by 12 the annual figures for each group of qualifications in the collective agreement. It shows the evolution of full-time employees' wages according to collective agreement and to law in force. General index is calculated each month as the average of the increase sets in each collective agreement signed in the national territory. The figures are derived from a selection of the most relevant nation-wide collective bargaining agreements on wages between labour unions and employers' associations. Every month the press release "Contratti collettivi e retribuzioni contrattuali" publishes two wage indices in national labour agreements: per capita and per hour. Per capita index measures the change in the collectively agreed annual wages compared to the base year. Hourly index measures the change of the wages per unit of time (annual earnings divided by the total number of working hours in the year). Annual figures are in terms of accrual or cash values. The first one (retribuzione contrattuale annua di competenza) is the annual wage amount that employees would earn each year if the National Collective Agreement came in force on time. This remuneration assigns backdated una tantum and arrears payments to the theoretical relative month. The second one (retribuzione contrattuale annua di cassa) is the sum of wages that employees have actually received every month. Accrual values are revised if the renewed collective agreement settles the payment of una tantum and/or arrears for the period in which the collective agreement is expired and the new isn't still signed.

Statistics from this survey refer to a concept of labour price. For each nation-wide collective agreement, the number of employees and their composition by specific wage level (combined with indications for seniority, skill, estimation about shift work) are fixed at a base year and remain constant until the renewal of base has been done. Employees exclude apprentices and managers. The base used now is December 2015=100 Moreover, these indicators are not influenced by changes due to overtime, worked hours or not worked for strikes or worker's illness. Istat produces two type of statistics on wages according to collective agreements: monthly index (IRC) and annual figures (RCA). Both indicators include basic pay, seniority and shift work allowance, all bonuses specified in national agreements and payable to all workers as well as those paid periodically (e.g. the 13th month). Bonuses related to individual performance or individual working conditions, supplementary payment agreed at the company or local level are not included. Monthly index excludes also bonuses-arrears and una tantum paid in late, but these two items are included in the annual wage figures (retribuzione annua di competenza o di cassa). Wages include tax and social security contributions paid by employees. The monthly index is calculated dividing by 12 the annual figures for each group of qualifications in the collective agreement. It shows the evolution of full-time employees' wages according to collective agreement and to law in force. General index is calculated each month as the average of the increase sets in each collective agreement signed in the national territory. The figures are derived from a selection of the most relevant nation-wide collective bargaining agreements on wages between labour unions and employers' associations. Every month the press release "Contratti collettivi e retribuzioni contrattuali" publishes two wage indices in national labour agreements: per capita and per hour. Per capita index measures the change in the collectively agreed annual wages compared to the base year. Hourly index measures the change of the wages per unit of time (annual earnings divided by the total number of working hours in the year). Annual figures are in terms of accrual or cash values. The first one (retribuzione contrattuale annua di competenza) is the annual wage amount that employees would earn each year if the National Collective Agreement came in force on time. This remuneration assigns backdated una tantum and arrears payments to the theoretical relative month.