United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: Couple: A couple is defined as a man and woman living as a married couple, a registered couple or a couple who lives in a consensual union. Two persons are considered as partners in a consensual union when they have usual residence in the same household, are not married to each other and have a marriage-like relationship to each other. Data refer to couples where both partners are in the age range 25-49. Data are reported according to the age of the youngest child of the couple. Children living outside the household are not considered. Part-time/full-time: A part-time worker is an employed person whose normal hours of work are less than those of comparable full-time workers. In most countries, the distinction between part-time and full-time work is based on self-declaration. In a few countries, work is defined as part-time when the hours usually worked are below a fixed threshold. Not working: Both inactive and unemployed persons are considered as not working. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Austria Break in methodlogy (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Austria Change in definition (1980): Data refer to the livelihood concept Country: Austria Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1984 Country: Austria Data below the threshold of 3 000 persons are not published, while caution should be taken in interpreting data below the threshold of 6 000 persons. Country: Belgium Break in methodology (2012): From 2012, data explicitely include couples living in a consensual union. Country: Belgium Change in definition (2005 - 2015): A child is considered as a person below 17 who lives in the household whatever the relation to the reference person may be. Country: Canada Data refer to women aged 25-49 and men aged 15+. Data for No child refers to no child under the age of 16. Child aged more than 6 refers to child aged 6 to 15. Data are annual averages. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk) Country: Croatia Data given for 2013 onwards are calibrated according to the results of the Census 2011 and are not fully comparable with data given for previous years. Country: Denmark Change in definition (1980 - 2006): Data do not cover couples where one or both members are self employed Country: Denmark Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1986 Country: Finland Data do not include children aged 17+. Data for child aged more than 6 refers to child aged more than 7 and child aged up to 6 refers to child aged 0-6 years (including 6). Country: France Reference area: Metropolitan France. Country: Germany Break in methodlogy (2005): Until 2004, data refer to one reporting week. From 2005 data are annual average figures. Country: Greece Data refer to annual averages. Country: Hungary Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data refer to couples where both members are in the age range 15-74. Women not working include also those on maternity leave. Couples with youngest child aged 6 refer to couples with youngest child aged 6-16. Country: Hungary Reference period (2000 - 2013): Data refer to 2nd Quarter of each year. Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1995): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition: from 2000 data for All couples include homosexual couples and couples where one partner is working but with unknown working hours. Child aged up to 6 refers to child under the age of 5. Child aged more than 6 refers to child aged 5 to 17. Country: Israel Territorial change (1995 onwards): Data do not cover couples living in kibbutzim, in institutions and living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) Country: Italy Break in methodlogy (2004): From 2004, there is a break in series due to change in survey and data collection procedure (continuous survey). Country: Latvia Change in definition (2010 - 2012): Couples with youngest child aged 6 and above& 39; - youngest child aged 6-16 years. Country: Luxembourg Change in definition (2001): Data do not include couples (with or without children) living with other persons. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week. Country: Portugal Data from 2011 onwards are not directly comparable with data for the previous years due to new data collection methods used in the Portuguese Labour Force Survey series. Estimates below 2 250 individuals are not shown due to high coefficients of variation. Country: Romania Break in methodology (2002): Due to the revision of the definitions and the coverage, the data series of 2002-2012 are not perfectly comparable with data series of previous years. Break in series starting with year 2013. For years 2014 onward data were estimated using the resident population. For year 2013 data were estimated based on revised population figures (resident population) in accordance to the 2011 Census results. Country: Romania Reference period (1995): Data for 1995 refers to March 1995. Country: Spain Data refer only to children of the reference person in the household. Data are annual average of the four quarters of the year. Data include persons working abroad as full time workers. Country: Sweden Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): From 2010, data based on sample survey of the resident permanent population 15 years and older (part of the annual combined census). Before 2000, data based on traditional census (full field enumeration). Data for 2010 and onwards are not fully comparable with those of 2000 and earlier. Country: Switzerland From 2010 onwards the sum of the data for the different work patterns of couples does not equal the total of all couples (the sum of the percentage isn’t equal to 100%) because of missing data. Country: United Kingdom Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data refer to & 39;couple families& 39; and not & 39;couple households& 39;. Country: United States Data refer to married couples aged 16+. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition:Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note. Country: Albania Employment: end of period. Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based. Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Employment:LFS - based. Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based. Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based. Country: Lithuania Employment: LFS-based. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates. Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based. Country: Turkey Employment: Annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based. Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition:Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note. Country: Albania Employment: end of period. Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based. Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Employment:LFS - based. Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based. Country: Iceland Employment: LFS - based. Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based. Country: Kyrgyzstan Employment: LFS - based. Country: Lithuania Employment: LFS-based. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates. Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based. Country: Turkey Employment: Annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based. Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition:Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note.Country: Albania Employment: end of period.Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based.Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based.Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Employment:LFS - based.Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based.Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM).Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based.Country: Iceland Employment: LFS - based.Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based.Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based.Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates.Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013.Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based.Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based.Country: Turkey Employment: Annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based.Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

To view the original national data please open the questionnaires. Source: Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO Questionnaire on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. Country: Russian Federation The source of the data of Russian Federation is the National Report for the Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO reporting on quantitative pan-European indicators 2011.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). Part-time/full-time: A part-time worker is an employed person whose normal hours of work are less than those of comparable full-time workers. In most countries, the distinction between part-time and full-time work is based on self-declaration. In a few countries, work is defined as part-time when the hours usually worked are below a fixed threshold. Data for EU-27, Croatia, Iceland, Norway, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey from the year 2008 corresponds to the NACE rev 2, before 2008 data is according to the NACE rev1.1. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania 2007-2012: Part-time worker refers to an employed person whose usual hours of work are less than 35 hours/week. Country: Albania 2013-2015: Distinction between part-time and full-time workers is based on worker self-identification. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2008): 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75. Break in methodlogy (2014): From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Belarus 2014: changes in methodology Country: France Since 2014 data include also the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion) with the exception of Mayotte. Country: Georgia Territorial change (2002 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1980): Data refers to population 14+. Country: Israel Change in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years. Underemployment - the person who work less than 30 hours in the surveyed week Country: Russian Federation Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1992 Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army. Data refer to the population aged 15-70.

To view the original national data please open the questionnaires. Source: Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO Questionnaire on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. Country: Russian Federation The source of the data of Russian Federation is the National Report for the Joint Forest Europe / UNECE / FAO reporting on quantitative pan-European indicators 2011.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The occupation groups correspond to first-level categories in the 2008 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For the EU and EFTA member-states the year of transition to ISCO-08 is 2011, for other countries please see Country footnotes. The level of education is the highest level successfully completed in the educational system of the country where the education is received. The levels are defined with reference to the International Standard Classifications of Education ISCED 1997 and ISCED 2011. For the EU and EFTA member-states the levels of education are classified according to ISCED 2011 from 2014. For other countries please see Country footnotes. The transition from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 and from ISCED 1997 to ISCED 2011 could entail a break in time series. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Armenia Data for 2001 are from Population Census. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Azerbaijan Data compiled according to ISCO-08. Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): Data refer to 1999 Population Census. Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus Data compiled according to ISCO-88 Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus Data compiled according to ISCO-88 Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina From 2006 to 2014 data compiled using ISCED 97, from 2015 using ISCED 11. Country: Canada Change in definition (1990 onwards): Data are annual averages. Cells with 0 are estimates with less than 1,500 employed. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ) Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012):1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Changes in the questionnaire (Highest Diploma Received, Discouraged Workers, Employees hired through employment agencies or employment contractors); See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_e_changes.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2013): Changes in the Standard Classification of Occupations based on ISCO-08; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/occupations_class11/pd--f/draft_h.pdf (draft, Hebrew only) Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (2000 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. From 2013 data compiled according to ISCO-08. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Turkey Until 2012, all occupations were coded according to ISCO-88. Since 2013, all occupations have been coded according to ISCO-08. Country: Ukraine Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Distribution by institutional sectors of the economy based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the National Classification of Occupations developed on the basis of ISCO 88. Country: Ukraine Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Country: United States Data for occupation refer to population 15+ and who have worked in the past 5 years. Data do not cover the armed forces. Occupation is classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2000 manual (www.bls.gov/soc). For individuals with two or more jobs, data refer to the job having the greatest number of hours. For unemployed persons and persons who are not currently employed but report having a job within the last five years, data refer to their last job.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The occupation groups correspond to first-level categories in the 2008 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For the EU and EFTA member-states the year of transition from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 is 2011. For other countries please see Country footnotes. The transition to ISCO-08 could entail a break in time series. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not availableCountry: AlbaniaFrom 2010 occupational groups according to ISCO-08.Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2014): since 2014 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and are based on the Labour Force Survey.2001: data come from Population Census.Country: AzerbaijanData compiled according to ISCO-08.Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on administrative registers.Country: BelarusData compiled according to ISCO-88Country: Belarus 2000 : data refer to 1999 and come from Population Census.Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983.Country: Bosnia and HerzegovinaFrom year 2006 to 2010 data compiling using ISCO 88, from 2011 using ISCO 08.Country: Bulgaria 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: CanadaChange in definition (1990 onwards): Data are annual averages. Cells with 0 are estimates with less than 1,500 employed.Country: CanadaData do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk )Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Estonia 1990 and 1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74.Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74.Country: France Since 2014, data include also the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion), with the exception of Mayotte.Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983.Country: Iceland Data refer to the population aged 16-74. 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.fCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Changes in the questionnaire (Highest Diploma Received, Discouraged Workers, Employees hired through employment agencies or employment contractors); See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_e_changes.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (2013): Changes in the Standard Classification of Occupations based on ISCO-08; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/occupations_class11/pd--f/draft_h.pdf (draft, Hebrew only)Country: KyrgyzstanUp to 2015 ISCO-88 has been usedCountry: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996.Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Moldova, Republic ofData exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of BenderCountry: Portugal 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Russian FederationChange in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 yearsCountry: Russian FederationTerritorial change (1995 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen RepublicCountry: SerbiaData do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Starting in 2013 data compiled according ISCO-08.Country: Slovakia 1995 : the persons working in the armed forces are counted in the other groups.Country: Sweden Data refer to the population aged 16-64.Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: UkraineChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Distribution by institutional sectors of the economy based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the National Classification of Occupations developed on the basis of ISCO 88.Country: UkraineTerritorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+.Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Data do not cover the armed forces. Occupation groups : 'Professionals' includes 'Technicians and associate professionals'; 'Craft and related workers' includes 'Plant machine operators and assemblers'.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: The employed are all the persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The private sector covers private corporations (including those in foreign control), households and Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISHs). The public sector covers all sub-sectors of general government (mainly central, state and local government units, together with social security funds imposed and controlled by those units) and public corporations, i.e. corporations which are subject to control by government units (usually defined by the government owning the majority of shares). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Armenia 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy (2008): since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75. Break in methodlogy(2001, 2002): For the periods of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources. For 2001 data are from Population Census. Break in methodlogy (2007): From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy (2014): Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria Break in methodlogy (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on Population Census, establishment survey and registers Country: Belarus Data are based on administrative registers. Data for private sector include corporations with mixed ownership. 2010: changes in methodology Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Additional information (1990 - 2008): Data are based on administrative records and related sources Country: Bulgaria Change in definition (2003 - 2012): Annual average data Country: Bulgaria Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1993 (September). Country: Bulgaria Reference period (1995 - 2002): Data refer to June of the corresponding year Country: Canada Data for not stated refers to self-employed. Country: Croatia Data given for 2009 onwards are calibrated according to the results of the Census 2011 and are not fully comparable with data given for previous years. Country: Cyprus Change in definition (1980 - 2008): Data refer to full-time equivalent (FTE) employment. Data are based on official estimates Country: Cyprus Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1981 Country: Cyprus Territorial change (1980 - 2008): Data cover the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus Country: Czechia Break in methodlogy (1990 - 2008): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Denmark Data are based on administrative records and related sources Country: France Reference area: Metropolitan France Country: France Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Additional information (1995 - 2007): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Greece Data refer to annual averages. Country: Hungary Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers. Private sector : data include corporations with mixed ownership. Country: Ireland Data are based on administrative registers. 2008 : break in series due to change in methodology. The series previously published up to 2008 was derived from the Quarterly Public Sector inquiry (QPI). The data from 2008,2009 and 2010 is now generated from the Earnings,Hours and Employment Cost Survey (EHECS)There are different methodologies used in both.They are as follows: The QPI was data generated from one reference period in the quarter.The EHECS survey is an average over the full quarter. The QPI had some whole time equivalents in the data ,EHECS uses a head count. The data from EHECS will therefore be higher Country: Israel Change in definition (2000 - 2008): Data on public sector refer to General Government only. Country: Italy Additional information (1990 - 2008): Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers Country: Kyrgyzstan Additional information (1995 - onwards): Data for private sector are obtained by subtracting the number of employed in public sector from the total number of employed. Country: Latvia Change in definition (1995 - 2001): Data refer to the population aged 15+. Country: Latvia Change in definition (2002 - 2012): Data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Latvia Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1996. Country: Luxembourg Change in definition (1990 - 2008): There is no sector variable in the LFS. The public sector is defined as the sum of the NACE rev1 sections L and M Country: Luxembourg Change in definition (2009 - 2012): There is no sector variable in the LFS. The public sector is defined as the sum of the NACE rev2 sections O and P Country: Luxembourg Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1983 Country: Poland Data are not fully comparable with the results of the surveys prior to 2010 as persons staying outside households for 12 months or longer are excluded from the survey (previously over 3 months). Country: Romania Mixed sector - included in ''private sector'' for years 2007 onward; for year 1995-2006 mixed sector is included in the ''sector not stated'' row. Break in series starting with year 2009. For years 2014 onward data were estimated using the resident population. For years 2009-2013 data were estimated based on revised population figures (resident population) in accordance to the 2011 Census results. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Data are based on Labour Force Survey, enterprise survey and registers. Country: Slovenia Data come from the Slovenian Statistical Register of Employment and cover persons who hold paid employment, self-empoyed persons who have compulsory social insurance and trainees. Data do not cover persons working abroad. Country: Sweden Break in methodlogy (2004 - 2005): For "Employment Public/private sector not stated" persons working abroad are included in 2005 and forward but seen as outside the labor force in 2004 and before. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): Change to continuous survey. As of 2010: annual averages Country: Switzerland Change in definition (1980 - 1990): Sector not stated : data include trainees. Country: Switzerland Reference period (2000 - 2009): Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Tajikistan Change in definition (2004): Data include working migrants Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine For 2000-2011 data compiled according ISIC 3 Rev.1, since 2012 ISIC 4 is in use Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The employed are all the residents above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The breakdown by kind of economic activity is grouped into 3 categories. Agriculture includes agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections A-B or ISIC Rev.4 Section A). Industry includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, and construction (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections C-F or ISIC Rev.4 Sections B-F ). Services comprise all other economic activities (ISIC Rev.3.1 Sections G-Q or ISIC Rev.4 Sections G-U). Total employment provided in this table generally differ from total employment provided in Economic Statistics, which cover both residents and non-residents (according to the System of National Accounts 1993). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania Break in methodology (1980): from 1990 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers with sector breakdown according of NACE rev 1.1 Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Sectors broken down according to NACE rev 1.1 (2007-2014) and NACE rev since 2015. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2007, 2014): For the period of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources. From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Armenia Break in methodlogy (2008): Data for 2007 refer to the age group 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to the age group 15-75. Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition. Country: Azerbaijan Official estimates. 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Belarus Data refer to the national classification. Services include construction. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina From year 2006 to 2011, data compiled using ISIC Rev 3.1, from 2012 using ISIC Rev 4. Country: Bulgaria 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ). Country: Croatia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1982. Country: Estonia 1990-1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: France Data do not cover overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Break in methodology (1980 - 1995): Data are based on administrative registers Country: Georgia Territorial change (1995 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983. From 1991 : data cover former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Country: Hungary 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Iceland 1980 : data refer to 1981 and are based on administrative registers. 1990 : data refer to 1991. 1980 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. From 1990 : data refer to the population aged 16-74. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2013): Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities based on ISIC Rev.4; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/economic_activities11/--pdf/e_print.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1995): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2003): Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2003, which mainly involved expanding the classification of high-tech industries; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_int_g.pdf Country: Italy 1980 : data refer to 1983. 1980-1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kyrgyzstan Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1996 Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Luxembourg 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Poland 1990 : official estimates based on administrative registers. Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to the population aged 14+. Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Territorial change (2000 onward): Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Sweden Data refer to the population aged 16-64. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Turkey Up to 2008, economic activities in labour force survey (LFS) were coded by NACE Rev 1. From 2009 onwards, NACE Rev 2 has been used. Country: Ukraine For 2000-2011 data compiled according ISIC 3 Rev.1, since 2012 ISIC 4 is in use Country: Ukraine Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+. Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Agriculture excludes forestry and fishing. Country: Uzbekistan Services include construction

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The status of employment is defined with reference to the distinction between 'paid employment' and 'self-employment' jobs. Workers holding paid-employment jobs have explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts which give them a basic remuneration which is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work. Self-employment jobs are jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Employees are all the workers who hold paid employment jobs. Employers are workers who hold self-employment jobs and have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them in their business as employees. Own-account workers are workers who hold self-employment jobs and have not engaged, on a continuous basis, any employees to work for them during the reference period. Members of producers cooperatives are workers who hold self-employment jobs in a cooperative producing goods and services, in which each member takes part on an equal footing with other members in determining the organisation of production, sales and/or other work of the establishment, the investments and the distribution of the proceeds of the establishment amongst their members. Family workers are workers who hold self-employment jobs in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household. For additional information, see the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93). General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). 1980 : data on employers include own-account workers and family workers. 1990 : data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Azerbaijan Data are based on Population Census and administrative registers. Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): Data refer to 1999 Population Census. Country: Belarus 2009: data are from the Population Census. Parts do not equal the totals due to employed persons not indicated their status in employment. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Estimates for family workers are less reliable in 2014-2015. Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993. Data on own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. Country: Croatia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Czechia From 2002 : data on own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1983; data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Estonia Data on employers and own-account workers include members of producers cooperatives. 1990-1995 : data refer to the population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the population aged 15-74. Country: Finland 1980-1995 : data on employers include own-account workers. Country: France Data do not cover overseas departments (DOM). 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Iceland 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Israel 1990: data refer to 1992. 1998, 2001: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable. Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Data on employers include own-account workers. Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1983. 1980-2001 : data on employers include own-account workers and members of producers cooperatives. Country: Norway 1980-2001 : data on employers include own-account workers and members of producers cooperatives. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Romania 1995: data refer to population aged 14+. Country: Russian Federation Data refer to population aged 15-72. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Spain Data refer to population aged 16+. 2005: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable. Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Turkey 2000: data revision based on Population Census 2000 Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army. Data refer to the population aged 15-70. Country: United Kingdom 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: United States Data on employers include own-account workers. Data refer to population aged 16+. 1994: methodology revised, data not strictly comparable

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Transport Division Database. Please note that country footnotes are not always in alphabetical order.

Source: UNECE Statististical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources. Definition: The employment rate is the share of employed persons in the population of the corresponding sex and age group. Marital status is defined as the legal conjugal status of each individual in relation to the marriage laws or customs of the country. The following classification is used: - Never married (single), - Married, - Widowed (and not remarried), - Divorced (and not remarried). In some countries the legal status of separated also exists and persons of this group are included here in the group of married. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Armenia 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy: since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75.From 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards.Break in methodlogy: since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria Break in methodology (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Estimates for the age group 65+ are less reliable for 2015. Country: Canada Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ) Country: Georgia Change in definition (2008 onward): Unknown marital status refers to non-registered marriage Country: Georgia Territorial change (2000 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Married persons include Married but living apart; From 2005, 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Moldova, Republic of Significance (2000 - 2012): Category "married" includes the persons who are not officially registered their marriage, but live together Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Russian Federation Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1992 Country: Russian Federation Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Turkey Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Determining the level of employment corresponds to the definition given above. Country: Ukraine Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Country: United States Age group 15+ refers to 16+; age group 15-24 refers to 16-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54 and age group 50-64 refers to 55-64.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: The employment rate is the share of employed persons aged 25 to 49 in the population of the corresponding sex and age group. Data are reported according to the age of the youngest child living in the household. Children living outside the household are not considered. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Austria Break in methodlogy (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Austria Change in definition (1980): Data refer to the livelihood concept Country: Austria Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1984 Country: Belarus Data refer to age groups 0-2, 3-6, 7-14, 15-17. Country: Belgium Change in definition (2005 - 2015): A child is considered as a person below 17 who lives in the household whatever the relation to the reference person may be. Country: Croatia Data given for 2013 onwards are calibrated according to the results of the Census 2011 and are not fully comparable with data given for previous years. Country: Finland Only children under the age of 18 are considered. The age group 6-16 refers to 6-17, no child refers to no child under 18. Country: France Reference area: Metropolitan France Country: Germany Break in methodlogy (2005): Until 2004, data refer to one reporting week. From 2005 data are annual average figures. Country: Greece Data refer to annual averages. Country: Ireland Data refer to 2nd quarter of each year. Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (1980 - 2013): Data refer to age groups 0-1 instead of 0-2; 2-4 instead of 3-5 . Country: Israel Change in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Italy Break in methodlogy (2004): From 2004, there is a break in series due to change in survey and data collection procedure (continuous survey). Country: Latvia Change in definition (2002 - 2012): Age 17+& 39; refer to the population aged 17-18. No child& 39; refer to data on no child or age of the youngest child 19+. Country: Luxembourg Reference period (1980): Reference year 1983 Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Poland Data are not fully comparable with the results of the surveys prior to 2010 as persons staying outside households for 12 months or longer are excluded from the survey (previously over 3 months). Country: Portugal Data from 2011 onwards are not directly comparable with data for the previous years due to new data collection methods used in the Portuguese Labour Force Survey series. Country: Romania Break in methodology (2002): Due to the revision of the definitions and the coverage, the data series of 2002-2012 are not perfectly comparable with data series of previous years. Break in series starting with year 2013. For years 2014 onward data were estimated using the resident population. For year 2013 data were estimated based on revised population figures (resident population) in accordance to the 2011 Census results. Country: Romania Reference period (1995): Data for 1995 refers to March 1995 Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): Change to continuous survey. As of 2010: annual averages Country: Switzerland Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991 Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Switzerland Reference period (1995 - 2009): Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Switzerland Territorial change (1980 - 1990): In 1980, Federal Population Census: resident population. From 1990 and onwards, Labour Force Survey: permanent resident population

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: The employment rate is the share of employed persons aged 25-49 in the population of the corresponding sex and age group. Data are reported according to the number of children under the age of 17. Children living outside the household are not considered. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Country: Austria Break in methodlogy (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure. Country: Austria Change in definition (1980): Data refer to the livelihood concept Country: Austria Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1984 Country: Belarus The number of children under the age of 15 is considered. Country: Belgium Change in definition (2003 - 2015): A child is considered as a person below 17 who lives in the household whatever the relation to the reference person may be. Country: Croatia Data given for 2013 onwards are calibrated according to the results of the Census 2011 and are not fully comparable with data given for previous years. Country: Finland The number of children under the age of 18 is considered. Country: France Reference area: Metropolitan France Country: Germany Break in methodlogy (2005): Until 2004, data refer to one reporting week. From 2005 data are annual average figures. Country: Greece Data refer to annual averages. Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf Country: Israel Break in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf Country: Israel Change in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf Country: Italy Break in methodlogy (2004): From 2004, there is a break in series due to change in survey and data collection procedure (continuous survey). Country: Luxembourg Reference period (1980): Reference year 1983 Country: Moldova, Republic of Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Poland Data are not fully comparable with the results of the surveys prior to 2010 as persons staying outside households for 12 months or longer are excluded from the survey (previously over 3 months). Country: Portugal Data from 2011 onwards are not directly comparable with data for the previous years due to new data collection methods used in the Portuguese Labour Force Survey series. Country: Romania Break in methodology (2002): Due to the revision of the definitions and the coverage, the data series of 2002-2012 are not perfectly comparable with data series of previous years. Break in series starting with year 2013. For years 2014 onward data were estimated using the resident population. For year 2013 data were estimated based on revised population figures (resident population) in accordance to the 2011 Census results. Country: Romania Reference period (1995): Data for 1995 refers to March 1995 Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2009 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): Change to continuous survey. As of 2010: annual averages Country: Switzerland Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991 Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Switzerland Reference period (1995 - 2009): Data refer to 2nd quarter Country: Switzerland Territorial change (1980 - 1990): In 1980, Federal Population Census: resident population. From 1990 and onwards, Labour Force Survey: permanent resident population

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.Country/Region: IsraelDesignation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

GDP: Expenditure Approach, in National Currency, by Country and Expenditure

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Armenia Currency : Armenian dram (AMD). Country: Austria Currency : Euro (€). Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency : Belarusian rouble (BYR), redenominated at 1:1000 in 2000 and redenominated at 1:10 000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bulgaria Currency: Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK). Country: Cyprus Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency: Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency: Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency: Euro (€). Country: Finland Currency: Euro (€). Country: France Currency: Euro (€). Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL). Geographical coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency: Euro (€). Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency: Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency: Euro (€). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€). Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT). Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€). Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€). Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€). Country: Malta Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into €. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€). Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency: Polish zloty (PLZ). Country: Portugal Currency: Euro (€). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB). Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage:from 1999 excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency: Euro (€). Country: Sweden Currency: Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency: Macedonian denar (MKD). Country: Turkey Currency: Turkish lira (TRY). Country: Ukraine Currency: Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH). Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD).

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not availableCountry: IsraelDesignation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Albania Currency: Albanian lek (ALL). Country: Armenia Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Austria Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€. Country: Azerbaijan Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belarus Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Belgium Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM). Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Bulgaria Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Canada Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD). Country: Croatia Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Cyprus Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €. Country: Czechia Currency : Czech koruna (CZK). Country: Denmark Currency : Danish krone (DKK). Country: Estonia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Finland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€. Country: France Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€. Country: Georgia Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards. Country: Greece Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€. Country: Hungary Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF). Country: Iceland Currency: Iceland krona (ISK). Country: Ireland Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€. Country: Israel Currency: New shekel (ILS). Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Italy Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€. Country: Kazakhstan Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Kyrgyzstan Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS). Country: Latvia Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Lithuania Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit. Country: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€. Country: Malta Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro. Country: Moldova, Republic of Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL). Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria. Country: Montenegro Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€. Country: Netherlands Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€. Country: Norway Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK). Country: Poland Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Portugal Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€. Country: Romania Currency: New Romanian leu (RON). Country: Russian Federation Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD). Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency. Country: Slovenia Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€. Country: Spain Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€. Country: Sweden Currency : Swedish krona (SEK). Country: Switzerland Currency: Swiss franc (CHF). Country: Tajikistan Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Turkey Currency : Turkish lira (TRL). Country: Turkmenistan Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Country: Ukraine Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: United Kingdom Currency: British pound (GBP). Country: United States Currency: United States dollar (USD). Country: Uzbekistan Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international official sources. Definitions: Gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and women’s average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of men’s average earnings.The UNECE gender statistics database presents two indicators on gender pay gap, which represent two different concerns of gender equality. Gender Pay Gap in hourly wage rates refers to the gender gap in average hourly earnings. This indicator aims to capture the difference between men’s and women’s overall position in the labor market. It measures the difference between men’s and women’s wage rates independent of the number of hours worked, the type of activity or the type of occupation. Gender Pay Gap in monthly earnings refers to the gender gap in average monthly earnings. This indicator aims to capture the variance between men’s and women’s earnings over a specific period of time. It reflects differences in time worked and type of work performed, which translates into gender differences in economic autonomy. Wage rates are earnings elements meant to be measured, as stipulated by the ILO Resolution concerning an integrated system of wages statistics (ILO, 1973), in relation to an appropriate time period such as the hour, day, week, month or other customary period used for purposes of determining the wage rates concerned. In the case of these statistics, the reference time period is the hour. Wage rates should include basic wages, cost-of-living allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances, but exclude overtime payments, bonuses and gratuities, family allowances and other social security payments made by employers. Ex gratia payments in kind, supplementary to normal wage rates, are also excluded. Earnings relate to remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holidays. Earnings include direct wages and salaries for the time worked, or work done, remuneration for time not worked, bonuses and gratuities and housing and family allowances paid by the employer directly to his employee. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received by employees under these schemes. Earnings also exclude severance and termination pay. Gross earnings refer to total earnings before any deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other obligations of employees. Net earnings refer to pay allocated to the worker after deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other obligations of employees. Educational attainment is defined as the highest level successfully completed by the person, in the educational system of the country where the education was received. The levels of education are defined according to the ISCED 1997 General note: Data are compiled from gross earnings and cover paid employees in all categories of activities and workers in full time and part-time employment. Any deviations from these are specified in the subsequent notes, to the extent the information is available. Gender pay gap in hourly wage: For EU member countries, the data are compiled from hourly earnings available in Eurostat’s online database devired from the Structure of Earnings Surveys. Please refer to the EU Structure of Earnings Survey methods and their gender pay gap in unadjusted form for further explanations. For non-EU countries, the figures are compiled from hourly earnings data provided by the countries in response to the UNECE questionnaire. Gender pay gap in monthly earnings: Figures are compiled from monthly earnings data provided by the countries in response to the UNECE questionnaire and official earnings data available in Eurostat and ILO databases. See the note ’Method and data sources for the gender pay gap in the UNECE Statistical Database’ for more information. Country: Austria Gross monthly earnings refer to the monthly amount in the main job. It includes usual paid overtime, tips and commission but excludes income from investments, assets, savings, stocks and shares. Profit share and bonuses are taken into account. Supplement payments (13th, 14th month, holiday pay...) are not included as they are not surveyed in this question, but they could be modeld (average gross monthly earning per group x14/12) under the simplified assumption that people are employed for the whole year and all receive these benefits. Country: Austria ISCED-11 is used from survey year 2014 on, before that ISCED-97. Country: Belgium For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, underlying average earnings data are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Surveys. Country: Bulgaria Data cover employees only and are compiled from enterprise survey (four-yearly Structure of Earnings Survey). Overtime payments are included in average earnings. Country: Bulgaria From 2014 the educational breakdown is according to the ISCED-11. Country: Canada For GPG in hourly earnings, data covers employees only, self-employed are excluded. Country: Cyprus Data are based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) for years 2006 and 2010. Data for 2006 and 2010 have been revised to better reflect the definitions provided by UNECE.Hourly Wage Rate includes normal salary and regular bonuses paid to the employee (including payments for shift work). It excludes overtime payments, irregular bonuses and payments in kind.Monthly earnings include normal salary, regular bonuses paid to the employee (including payments for shift work) and payments for overtime. They exclude irregular bonuses and payments in kind.Coverage: Enterprises in all economic activities, excluding Agriculture, Fishing, Activities of Private Households and Extra-territorial Organisations. All enterprises covered had one or more employees. Self-employed are not covered.Geographical coverage: data refer to Government controlled areas only. Country: Czechia Reference period (2011 - 2012): For upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, data refer to ISCED 3 only (instead of 3-4), and fro tertiary education , data refer to ISCD 6 only (instead of 5-6). Country: Czechia Since 2011 all employees included in the sample surveys,including employees of enterprises with less than ten employees, employees of non-profit organizations, and also own-account workers that had not been measuredbefore. Country: Denmark For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, underlying average earnings data are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey. Country: Estonia For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, data exclude self-employed persons. From 2014, breakdown by education is according to ISCED-2011. Country: Finland The method of defining part/full-timers changed in 2001. Country: Finland Data do not include irregular bonuses, housing and family allowances. Average monthly earnings data cover only full-time employees. Country: France For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered in data up to 2009. From 2014 data include overseas departments. Country: Germany For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered. From 2014 breakdown by education compiled using ISCED-2011. Country: Greece For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2002 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data from 2006 on are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered. Country: Hungary Data include only full-time employees. B-S (-O), 10 employees or more Country: Israel Change in definition (2006 - 2012): Data cover both - paid employees and self-employed Country: Israel Change in definition (2006 - 2012): Data cover both - paid employees and self-employed Country: Italy For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys (SES). The difference with the SES definition is that the SES definition contains overtime earnings and hours. Due to methodological changes, the data for 2014 might be uncomparable with the previous years. For monthly earnings, data are compiled from households surveys (EU-SILC) from 2006 to 2009 and from SES from 2010 onwards. The main difference with the SES definition is that the SES definition refers to the month of october and excludes bonuses and other items not payable each month. Due to methodological changes, the data for 2014 might be uncomparable with the previous years. Country: Latvia Additional information (2002 onward): Data by education level are calculated for enterprises with number of employees 10 and more for NACE Rev.1.1 sections C-K (excluding L) on 2002 and 2006 and for NACE Rev.2 sections B-S (excluding O) on 2010 according to the methodology of structural indicator of European Comission Gender Pay Gap (GPG). Country: Latvia Data cover paid employees only. Part-timers earnings have been equivalised to fill-time units. All data exclude remuneration of kind. Country: Lithuania The gross earnings data on which GPG in monthly earnings are based exclude housing and family allowances. From 2014 data are compiled according to ISCED-2011. Country: Luxembourg For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, data are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Average monthly earnings are based on full-time equivalent employees, reference month is october. NACE B to S exclunding O Country: Malta For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered. Country: Norway Break in methodlogy (2005): Figures from 2005 for wages by level of education are not comparable with the figures for 2004 and earlier, due to changes in definitions. Country: Norway Change in definition (2000 onward): Data refer to full-time equivalent of paid employees only. Country: Poland Change in definition (2001 - 2004): Data cover employees only. Family allowances are not inclueded. Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Poland Change in definition (2006 onward): Data cover employees only. Family allowances are not inclueded. Country: Portugal For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered. Country: Romania Data by education level are derived from the Structure of Earnings Survey and related to enterprises with 10+ employees. The underlying average monthly gross earnings refers to October. Country: Russian Federation Change in definition (2005 - 2013): Underlying Earnings data do not include end of year, seniority, bonus payments and other nonrecurrent payments . Data include employees worked whole October; data exclude non-regular, temporary, contractual, absent due to different reasons (maternity, sabbatical, annual leave), part-time workers and others. Country: Slovakia Additional information (2000 - 2012): The concept of Earnings in definitions, geographical coverage, reference period are in compliance with the request. Country: Slovenia Break in methodlogy (2007 - 2013): In 2007 EURO was introduced instead of the national currency SIT. Country: Slovenia Change in definition (2003 - 2013): Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Slovenia Provisional value (2012): Country: Spain Additional information (2000): The results have been obtained as annual average of quarterly data form a wage survey. The coverage are local units with 5 or more employees. Country: Spain From 2002-2003, the coverage is local units with 10 or more employees. Since 2004, coverage has been extended to all size units. ISCED-97 is used 2002-2010 and ISCED-11 in 2014. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2000 onwards): The Data cover only employees and exlude irregular bonuses and gratuities. Country: Switzerland For monthly earnings, up to 2010 the data cover employees in private and public federal sectors. since 2012, the data concern only the private sector. Country: Switzerland The underlying average earnings data exclude overtime pay and family allowances and refer to full-time equivalents. GPG figures computed from median earnings instead of averages. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. Indicators that base on OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators are indicated (OECD). General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) – e.g. EU member countries, United States, Canada, Ukraine - or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available Indicator: Domestic final demand met by total imports, % Indicator measures the share of total domestic final demand (the difference between GDP and net exports) met by imports. Sometimes it is referred to as an import penetration rate. It should be noted that small economies or those rich in mineral resources may be specialized in their production, and so import higher proportions of other goods. In addition, the size of service sector is likely to affect this relationship. [ ( imports / ( final consumption expenditure + gross capital formation ) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Export performance, percentage points Export performance measures the difference between the annual growth rate of exports of a country and the growth rate of imports to the country from the rest of the world. A result above zero level indicates a faster growth of exports compared to the growth of imports during the reference period. [ ( exports (t) / exports (t-1) ) – ( imports (t) / imports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Export performance, value in millions of US $, in constant prices of comon base year Export performance measures the difference between the annual growth of exports of a country and the growth of imports to the country from the rest of the world. A result indicates a relation of growth of exports compared to the growth of imports during the reference period in millions of US dollars. [ ( ( exports (t) - exports (t-1) ) – ( ( imports (t) - imports (t-1) ) ) ] Indicator: Growth rate of exports, % Growth rate of exports is an indicator of the annual growth or decline of exports from the previous year. [ ( exports (t) / exports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Growth rate of imports, % Growth rate of imports is an indicator of the annual growth or decline of imports from the previous year. [ ( imports (t) / imports (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Growth rate of total trade, % Growth rate of total trade describes either annual growth or decline of the volume of international trade from the previous year. [ ( exports + imports ) (t) / ( exports + imports ) (t-1) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Import coverage by exports, % Indicator shows whether or not a country’s imports are fully covered for by exports. The results describe how many per cent of imports are covered by exports. [ ( exports / imports ) * 100 ] Indicator: Total exports to GDP, % Total exports in GDP show the dependence of domestic producers on foreign markets. It may provide a better indicator of vulnerability to some types of external shocks than total trade in GDP, thus, it is one of the most frequently used globalization indicators. This ratio may indicate the intensity of a country’s trade. In the case of some countries, it may not show significant growth if, during the reference period, services that are not traded internationally and are included in GDP grow more rapidly than exports. Furthermore, larger economies tend to show lower export to GDP ratios because the larger domestic demand. [ ( exports / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Total trade per capita, value in thousands of US $, current prices Total trade per capita measures the relative importance of international trade against the size of the country in terms of population. It is a very concrete measure of the value of international trade per person. [ ( absolute values of imports + exports ) / population ] Indicator: Total trade to GDP, % Total trade (the sum of exports and imports) as a share of GDP measures the dependence on foreign markets and intermediate inputs and, on the other hand, the importance of international trade in the country. It may give indications of the degree to which an economy is open to trade, but should be interpreted with care. This indicator may be called a trade dependence or openness indicator. [ ( (exports + imports ) / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance to GDP, % Trade balance to GDP highlights the countries with major surplus or deficit in the reference period in relation to the size of their economies. [ ( ( exports - imports ) / GDP ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance to total trade, % Indicator measures international transactions of the country with the rest of the world normalised against its own total trade. This indicator is sometimes also called the normalized trade balance. [ ( ( exports - imports ) / ( exports + imports ) ) * 100 ] Indicator: Trade balance, value in millions of US $, current prices Trade balance shows the difference between exports and imports (surplus / deficit). This conventional measure reflects a country’s performance in international markets in terms of the net value of goods and services transactions between the country and the rest of the world. [ ( exports - imports ) ]

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The labour force/economically active population includes all residents who are either employed or unemployed. The employed are all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories: (a) paid employment: (a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; (a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job; (b) self-employment: (b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; (b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. The unemployed are all persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The economic activity rate is the share of the labour force (employed + unemployed) in the total population aged 15+. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above. .. - data not available Country: Albania Break in methodology (2001): Data from Population Census Country: Albania Break in methodology (2002): from 2002 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2007): As of 2007 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Albania Break in methodology (2002): from 2002 to 2006, data are based on administrative registers Country: Armenia 1995 : data refer to 1997. Data for 2007 refer to the age group 16-75. Since 2008 data refer to the age group 15-75. 2008: break in series, application of ILO definition. 2001 : data are from Population Census. For the period of 1980-2000 and 2002-2006 data on employment are based on integrated data received from various sources and data on unemployment are based on administrative register. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria 1980-1990 : data refer to the national definition of labour force (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition. 1980 : age group 35-39 refers to 30-39; age group 45-49 refers to 40-49; age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Azerbaijan 1990-1995 : data are based on administrative registers and may not cover all active persons. From 2000 : data comply with ILO definition. Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered persons. Since 2012 data for age group 60-64 refer to persons 60+ Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (1990): data refer to 1989 and come from 1989 Population Census Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (1990): data refer to 1989 and come from 1989 Population Census Measurement: Economic activity rate , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): data refer to 1999 and come from 1999 Population Census Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Belarus Break in methodlogy (2000): data refer to 1999 and come from 1999 Population Census Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993. Country: Canada 1980 : age group 25-29 refers to 25-44; age group 45-49 refers to 45-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64; age group 65-69 refers to 65+. 1990 : age group 25-29 refers to 25-34; age group 35-39 refers to 35-44; age group 45-49 refers to 45-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64. from 1995 onwards: age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Croatia 1990 : data refer to 1991. 2000 : data refer to 1998. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1990 : data refer to 1992. 1995 : official estimates. Country: Czechia 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Denmark 1980 : data refer to 1985. 1995 and 2000 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Estonia 1990 and 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15-69. From 2000 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the economically active population aged 15-74. Country: France Since 2014 data include the French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion) with the exception of Mayotte. Measurement: Active persons (in thousands) , Country: Georgia Active population - Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Measurement: Percent of corresponding total for both sexes , Country: Georgia Active population - Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Iceland 1980 : data are based on registers. 1990 : data refer to 1991. From 1990 : age group 15+ refers to 16-74; age group 15-19 refers to 16-19; age group 70+ refers to 70-74. Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Israel 1995: data are from 1995 Census. As of 2001 data are based on new weighting groups. As of 2009, data are based on the 2008 Population Census estimates and on updated definition of the labour force characteristics. From 2012 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Italy 1980-1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 15+, which includes the persons who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kazakhstan 1990 data refer to 1989. 1995 data refer to 1997. From 2013 - active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Kyrgyzstan 1990 : data refer to 1989. 2000 : data comes from 1999 Population Census. 2003: break in series: change in methodology. From 2011 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Latvia 1990 : data refer to 1989. 1995 : data refer to 1996. Country: Lithuania 1990 : data refer to 1989. 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Luxembourg 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Malta 2000 : data refer to 1999. Country: Moldova, Republic of From 2011 age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Montenegro Some data not shown due to lack of reliability (CV>=0.3). Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Norway From 1995: age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer 1992. Country: Portugal 1990 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Romania 1990 : official estimates. 1995 : data refer to the economically active population aged 14+. Age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Russian Federation 1990 : data refer to 1989. 2000 : data refer to 1999. 1995 : age group 30-34 refers to 30-49; age group 60-64 refers to 60+. From 2000 : age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Serbia From 2000 : data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. From 2007 active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Slovenia 1990 : data refer to 1991. Country: Spain Age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Sweden Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. 1980 and 1995-2005 : data refer to the economically active population aged 16+. 1990 : data refer to the economically active population aged 16-64. Country: Switzerland From 2000: age group 70+ refers to the age group 70-74. Country: Turkey 2000 : data refer to 1999. 1980-2000 : data refer to the economically active population aged 12+. Age group 65-69 refers to 65+. Country: Ukraine Data refer to the age group 15-70, excluding institutional population. Geographical coverage: excludes zone I and II contaminated by the radiation from Chernobyl. Country: United Kingdom 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: United States Data refer to the economically active population aged 16+. Active population age group 65-69 refers to 65+.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources. Definition: The unemployed are all the persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The long-term unemployed are the persons who have been unemployed for 12 months or more. The long-term unemployment rate is the share of the long-term unemployed in the total unemployed population. General note: Data comes from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Units of measurement: Long-term unemployed persons are shown in thousands. Long-term unemployed rates are shown as a percentage of all unemployed persons.Country: AlbaniaChange in definition (1995 - 2012): Data refer to registered long-term unemployment.Country: ArmeniaUp to 2006: data refer to the population aged 16-63 and based on administrative register. Break in methodlogy: 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy: from 2008 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and compiled according to ILO definition. Break in methodlogy: from 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy: since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey.Country: BelarusData refer to registered unemployment.Country: Belgium 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Bulgaria 1990 : data refer to 1993.Country: CanadaData do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk ).Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1980-1990 : data refer to the persons who have been unemployed for 6 months or more.Country: Czechia 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Denmark 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Estonia 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM). 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: GeorgiaTerritorial change (2002 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali RegionCountry: Germany 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Greece 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1990): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Data refer to 1991.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1995 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74.Country: Ireland 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.fCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdfCountry: IsraelBreak in methodlogy (2012): 1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdfCountry: IsraelChange in definition (1980): Data refers to population 14+.Country: IsraelChange in definition (2005): 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdfCountry: Italy 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: KyrgyzstanBreak in methodlogy (2002): Data are based on household surveyCountry: KyrgyzstanBreak in methodlogy (2003): From 2003, data are based on household income and labour force surveys.Country: KyrgyzstanChange in definition (1995 - 2001): Data refer to registered long-term unemployment.Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996 and to the persons who have been unemployed for 13 months or more. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census.Country: Luxembourg 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Moldova, Republic ofData exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of BenderCountry: Netherlands 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Poland 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Portugal 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to 1997.Country: Russian FederationChange in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 yearsCountry: Russian FederationReference period (1990): Data refer to 1992Country: Russian FederationTerritorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen RepublicCountry: SerbiaData do not cover Kosovo and Metohija.Country: Slovenia 1995 : data refer to 1996.Country: Spain 1990 : data refer to 1992.Country: Switzerland Data refer to the permanent resident population. 1990 : data refer to 1991.Country: TurkeyBreak in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS.Country: TurkeyBreak in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections.Country: UkraineChange in definition (2000 - 2012): Data present the number of unemployed (ILO definition) aged 15-70 years who is seeking work 12 months or more.Country: UkraineTerritorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.Country: United Kingdom 1990 : data refer to 1992.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, OECD, UN) official sources. Definition: Population, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, is the annual average number of persons present in the economic territory of a country, including institutional population. Employment, as referred to the System of National Accounts 1993, covers all persons - both employees and self-employed - engaged in a productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the system. It includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units. In case of deviation, the actual definition is provided in the country footnote. Population data provided in this table may slightly differ from population data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. Employment data provided in this table generally differ from employment data provided in Gender Statistics, which cover only residents. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, absolute figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices and should be taken with caution. However, the derived growth rates correspond to the originally reported series. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details see the composition of regions note. .. - data not available Country: Albania Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Employment: From 2007 data according to the Labour Force Survey. Country: Armenia Employment: LFS - based. Country: Azerbaijan Geographical coverage: excludes Nagorno-Karabakh. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Geographical coverage: Data on total population/ total employment cover the whole country, i.e. the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Country: Croatia Employment: LFS-based. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: Register-based. Country: Israel Employment: LFS-based. Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Kazakhstan Employment: LFS-based. Country: Lithuania Employment: LFS-based. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Country: Romania Employment: LFS-based. For the years 1990-2001 UNECE estimates. Country: Russian Federation Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Employment: LFS-based. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Employment: LFS - based. Country: Tajikistan Population: Number of population for the latest year refers to the beginning of the year, not to an annual average as usually. Measurement: Growth rate , Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Employment: LFS-based. Country: Turkey Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Employment: annual breakdowns by activity and quarterly data are LFS-based. Country: Turkmenistan Population: estimates from UN Population Division - may differ from national data. Country: Ukraine Employment: LFS-based. Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

.. - data not available Source : UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD) official sources. General note : The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked to build long consistent time series. Growth rates are calculated over the same period of the previous year. For annual data growth rates are calculated over the previous year. Annual and Quarterly estimates : are calculated on the basis of the monthly figures. Information on compilation methods and practices in individual countries can be found in the IMFs Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS) available from the (IMF website). Indicator Consumer price index, 2010=100 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) aims to measure the average changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services purchased by the households for their own final consumption. The prices of a representative sample of goods and services are collected in monthly surveys and the CPI is compiled and published monthly. It is usually not revised or seasonally adjusted. To some extent differences in compilation methods and in the coverage (of goods and services, geographical area and population groups) may influence the international comparability of the data. A comprehensive and detailed explanation of CPI methodology is provided in ILO/IMF/OECD/UNECE/Eurostat/The World Bank (2004): (Consumer Price Index Manual. Theory and Practice. International Labour Office, Geneva). Producer price index, 2010=100 The Producer Price Index (PPI) aims to measure the average changes over time in the general level of prices of goods received by the domestic producers for their output (‘basic prices’). In most countries the PPI is compiled monthly, but in some (few) countries with less frequency. It is usually not revised and not seasonally adjusted. To some extent differences in compilation methods and in the coverage of goods producing sectors may influence the international comparability of the data. The PPI for the EU-27 countries, Croatia, Norway and Turkey are compiled on the basis of the industries production for the domestic market. For some of the remaining countries the PPI may include also the production for export. From March 2009 data for EU countries is based on the NACE Rev.2 classification, the coverage of industry is slightly revised.Other countries are expected to introduce the revised NACE classification, or the corresponding revised ISIC classification, at later stages. A comprehensive and detailed explanation of PPI methodology is provided in IMF/ILO/OECD/UNECE/ EUROSTAT /The World Bank (2004): Producer Price Index Manual. Theory and Practice. International Monetary Fund, Washington DC. Indicator: Consumer price index, 2010=100 , Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Geographical Coverage: CPI includes temporary reduction of prices in accordance with the EU regulative No.2602/2000. Indicator: Consumer price index, growth rate over the same period of previous year , Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Geographical Coverage: CPI includes temporary reduction of prices in accordance with the EU regulative No.2602/2000. Indicator: Consumer price index, 2010=100 , Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do include the overseas departments (DOM). Indicator: Consumer price index, growth rate over the same period of previous year , Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do include the overseas departments (DOM). Indicator: Producer price index, 2010=100 , Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Indicator: Producer price index, growth rate over the same period of previous year , Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Russian Federation Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Indicator: Consumer price index, 2010=100 , Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Indicator: Producer price index, 2010=100 , Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition:Senior level civil servants are defined according to ISCO-08, code 1112 (e.g. government administrators, administrators at intergovernmental organisations, ambassadors, consul-general, etc.). .. - data not available Country: Belgium Data refer to decision making positions at federal government administrations. Country: Canada Data are based on Natinal Occupational Classification 2006 Country: Canada Data exclude the 3 northern territoires. Country: Cyprus Reference period (2008): data refer to 2009. Country: Cyprus Government controlled area only. Country: Denmark Data refer to november of preceding year. 2010: break in series. Country: Estonia Change in definition (2000 - 2011): Senior civil servant refers to higher officials. Data refer to central state body only. Country: France Change in definition (2010 - 2011): Data refer to directors of the central administration and alike, ambassadors, prefects, chief education officers, heads of service, deputy directors and assistant directors, etc. Country: France Geographic coverage : French Republic, including the overseas departments DOM (except Mayotte). Overseas collectivities (COM) are excluded. Country: Germany Change in definition (1980 - 1990): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Not including civil servants of the former GDR Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Germany Change in definition (1995): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Germany Change in definition (2000 - 2002): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Country: Ireland Change in definition (1990 onwards): Civil servants at the following grades: Assistant Secretary, Deputy Secretary, Secretary General. Country: Kazakhstan Change in definition (2001): Data refer to ISCO-88 classification Code 1 - "Heads (representatives) of the governing bodies of the all levels and the Heads of the organisations", including the representatives of the legislature, executive and representative government and judiciary; heads and senior management officials of the state agencies; Heads of the local representative bodies, public organisations, political parties; Heads of the organisations, including small and medium ones. Country: Norway Change in definition (2011): From 2011 data refer to the new ISCO 2008, 1120 Managing directors and chief executives Country: Portugal Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991. From 2011 data compiled according to ISCO -08. Country: Russian Federation Reference period (2004 - 2013): Data refer to the situation as of 1st of January of the following year. Country: Spain Data refer to civil servants in high positions in the central administration. Discrepancies between total and sum of sexes in 2013-2015 are due to vacant positions. Country: Sweden Change in nomenclature from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 between 2013 and 2014. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2001 - 2011): Data include legislators and senior government officials. Country: Switzerland Data are rounded by multiple of 1000. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): From 2010 data refer to ISCO-08 classification, before 2010 data refer to ISCO-88 classification. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control.

Definition:Time use of employed persons represents the average time spent (hours and minutes) on an activity per day by people currently in employment. All employed persons are included, whether they have been working at the time of the survey or on leave. All days of the week, as well as working and holiday periods are included. Data refer to people aged 20-74. Gainful work: includes time spent on main and second jobs (including informal employment) and related activities, breaks and travel during working hours, and on job seeking. Study: includes time spent on study at school and during free time. Domestic work includes housework, child and adult care, gardening and pet care, construction and repairs, shopping and services, and household management. Travel includes commuting and trips connected with all kinds of activities, except travel during working hours. Sleep includes sleep during night or daytime, waiting for sleep, naps, as well as passive lying in bed because of sickness. Meals includes meals, snacks and drinks. Personal care includes dressing, personal hygiene, making up, shaving, sexual activities and personal health care. Free time includes all other kinds of activities, e.g, volunteer work and meetings, helping other households, socializing and entertainment, sports and outdoor activities, hobbies and games, reading, watching TV, resting or doing nothing. General note: Data are reported in number of hours, where decimals represent hundredths of an hour (e.g, 1.75 should be read 1 hour and 45 minutes; 0.20 should be read 12 minutes). .. - data not available Country: Armenia Data refer to October 2008 and to the population aged 15-80. Country: Austria Change in definition (2008): Gainful work includes travelling during work-time. Country: Belarus Change in definition (1980, 1990, 2004): Data refer to employed persons aged 16+ in towns and urban-type settlements. Data for this period refer to time use for one month of the year. From 2015, data refer to time use over 12 months of the year. Country: Bulgaria Reference period (2002): Data refer to 2001-2002. Country: Bulgaria Reference period (2010): Data refer to 2009-2010. Country: Canada Change in definition (1990 - 2010): Data refer to population aged 20 to 74. Country: Canada Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1992. Country: Canada Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1997. Country: Canada Territorial change (1990 - 2010): Data cover 10 provinces only. Country: Denmark Data refer to the population aged 16-74. 1990: data refer to 1987. 2009: Figures from 2008-2009. Break in series from 2009 as transport is now included in travel and categories comply with definition, whereas earlier years had fewer categories included in domestic work. Country: Estonia Reference period (2000): Data refer to 1999-2000. Country: Estonia Reference period (2010): Data refer to 2009-2010. Country: France 2000: data refer to 1998-1999. 2010: data refer to 2009-2010. Data cover only Metropolitan France. Country: Hungary 2000: data refer to 1999-2000. 2010: data refer to 2009-2010. Country: Italy 2002: data refer to 2002-2003; 2008: data refer to 2008-2009; 2014: data refer to 2013-2014. Data refer to population aged 20-74. For all years activities are coded according to the last Harmonized European Time Use Survey Guidelines (HETUS 2008). Country: Luxembourg Employed persons are those having a job or having a job but temporarily absent. `Other activities` refer to doing nothing. Country: Moldova, Republic of Reference period (2012): Time Use Survey. Conducted during the period 1 June 2011 to 31 May 2012. Country: Moldova, Republic of Territorial change (2012): Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Netherlands Break in methodlogy (2006): Data is collected according to the Harmonised European Time Use Survey (HETUS) replacing the original Dutch Time Use Survey. Country: Netherlands Break in methodlogy (2011): Data is collected according to the Harmonised European Time Use Survey (HETUS) Country: Norway 2010: data refer to 2010-2011. Country: Poland 2004: data refer to 2003-2004. Country: Romania Reference period (2000): Data refer to August and September 2000. Country: Romania Reference period (2012): Statistical survey on time use (TUS), carried out in households during september 2011 - september 2012 Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. 2010 data refer to 2010-2011. Country: Spain 2003: data refer to 2002-2003. Country: Sweden Reference period (2000): Data refer to 2000-2001. Country: Sweden Reference period (2010): Data refer to April 2010-March 2011 Country: Switzerland Change in definition (1995 - 2013): Gainful work doesn& 39;t include job seeking. Country: Switzerland Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1997. Country: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Reference period (2014): Time Use Survey was carried out over a period of 12 months, from May 2014 until April 2015. Country: Turkey For 2006 the data refer to persons aged 15+. For 2015 the data refer to persons aged 20-74.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The unemployed are all the persons above a specific age who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force (employed + unemployed). Total unemployment rate provided in this table may slightly differ from total unemployment rate provided in Economic Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. Country: Albania Change in definition (1990 - 2006): Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Albania Change in definition (1990 - 2012): Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Armenia Up to 2006: data refer to the population aged 16-63 and based on the administrative register. Break in methodlogy: 2007 data refer to population aged 16-75. Break in methodlogy: from 2008 data refer to the population aged 15-75 and compiled according to ILO definition. Break in methodlogy: from 2007 to 2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards. Break in methodlogy: since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey. Country: Austria 1980-1990: data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995: data comply with ILO definition. 1980: data refer to 1981. Age group 60-64 refers to 60+. Country: Azerbaijan 2004-2005: data refer to official estimates; males aged 15-61 and females 15-56. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Belgium 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Bulgaria 1990: data refer to 1993. Data refer to population aged 15-74. Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. 1995/2000 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: Denmark 1980: data refer to 1983. Data refer to population aged 15-66. Country: Estonia Data refer to population aged 15-74. Prior to 1997 data refer to population aged 15-69. Age group 55-59 refers to 55-74. Country: Finland Data refer to the population aged 15-74. 1980/1990 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Germany 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Greece 1980 : data refer to 1983. Country: Hungary 1990: data refer to 1992. Data refer to population aged 15-74. Country: Iceland Break in methodlogy (2003): Break in serie because of change to continuous survey every week of the year. Country: Iceland Change in definition (1980 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Iceland Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1981 Country: Iceland Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991 Country: Ireland 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Israel 1995-2000 : age group 15-19 refers to 15-17; age group 20-24 refers to 18-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54. Country: Italy 1980-1990 : data refer to the persons aged 14+, who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the persons aged 15+, who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days. Country: Kyrgyzstan 2000,2001, 2003-2011: data refer to registered unemployed persons. 2002: data are based on household survey. Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census. Country: Lithuania 1995 : data refer to 1997. Country: Netherlands 1980 : data refer to 1985. Country: Norway Prior to 2005 age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Poland 1990 : data refer to 1992. Country: Romania 1995: data refer to the population aged 14+. Age group 60-64 refers to 60+. Country: Russian Federation 1990: data refer to 1992. Before 2006: data do not cover the Chechen Republic. Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Spain Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: Sweden 1980 : data refer to the population aged 16+. From 1990 : data refer to the population aged 16-64. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. 1995-2000 : break in series due to change in methodology. Country: Switzerland 1990 : data refer to 1991. 1990-2002 : age group 15-19 refers to 15-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54; age group 55-59 refers to 55-64. Country: Tajikistan Change in definition (2004 - 2009): Data for age group 60-64 refers to 60-75. Country: Turkey Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS. Country: Turkey From 2004, data are revised according to the new population projections. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control. Country: Ukraine Data refer to the population aged 15-70. 1995 : data refer to registered unemployment. Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the population aged 16+. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. Country: United States Data refer to the population aged 16+. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19. As of 2000, age-group 25-49 refers to 25-54 and 55-59 refers to 55-64. Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment. Country: Uzbekistan Data for 1995-2006 refer to persons officially registered as unemployed. Since 2007 data refer to de facto unemployed population.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition: The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force. Unemployment data provided in this table may differ from unemployment data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices. .. - data not available Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Armenia Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Russian Federation From 2006 includes data on Chechen Republic. Data for Russian Federation was updated only until the end of 2013. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Tajikistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Measurement: Unemployment rate , Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources. Definition: The unemployment rate is the share (in per cent) of the unemployed in the labour force. Unemployment data provided in this table may differ from unemployment data provided in Gender Statistics, due to the use of different sources. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), unless otherwise specified in country footnotes. The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series. As a result, figures presented in this table may differ from those published by National Statistical Offices. Regional aggregates are computed by UNECE secretariat. For more details, see the composition of regions note. Country: Albania Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Armenia Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Belarus Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: France Geographical Coverage: Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM). Country: Georgia Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali). Country: Israel Designation and data provided by Israel. The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem. Country: Liechtenstein Unemployment: Break in series, from year 2006 data according to ILO definition. Data up to year 2005 included border workers from neighboring countries. Country: Moldova, Republic of Geographical Coverage: from 1993 excludes Transnistria. Country: Serbia Geographical Coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Tajikistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records. Country: Ukraine Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine. Country: Uzbekistan Data refer to registered unemployment, end of period, and are compiled by the National Statistical Office using administrative records.

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources. Definition: The young unemployed are all the persons aged 15-24 who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, and (b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and (c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or self-employment. For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The youth unemployment rate is the share of the young unemployed in the active population (employed + unemployed) aged 15-24. General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. For the following countries, data come from the comparable harmonized unemployment statistics produced by EUROSTAT and OECD: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States.Country: AlbaniaChange in definition (1990 - 2012): Data refer to registered unemployment.Country: Armenia 2008: break in series.Country: Austria 1990 : data refer to national definition (Life Subsistence Concept). From 1995 : data comply with ILO definition.Country: BelarusData refer to registered unemployment.Country: Cyprus Data cover only the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.Country: France Data do not cover the overseas departments (DOM).Country: Georgia Data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).Country: IcelandBreak in methodlogy (2003): Break in serie because of change to continuous survey every week of the year.Country: IcelandChange in definition (1980 - 2013): Data refer to population aged 16-74. Age group 15-19 refers to 16-19.Country: IcelandReference period (1980): Data refer to 1981Country: IcelandReference period (1990): Data refer to 1991Country: Israel From 2006 data refer to ave group 18-24.Country: Italy 1990 : data refer to the persons aged 14-24, who have been seeking employment in the last 6 months. From 1995 : data refer to the persons aged 15-24, who have been seeking employment in the last 30 days.Country: Latvia 1995 : data refer to 1996. 1995/2000 : break in series due to adjustment to the results of 2000 Population Census.Country: Romania 1995 : data refer to the age group 14-24.Country: Russian Federation 1990 : data refer to 1992. Before 2006: data do not cover the Chechen Republic.Country: Serbia Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija.Country: Sweden Data refer to the age group 16-24. 1995-2000 : break in series due to change in methodology.Country: TajikistanChange in definition (2004 - 2009): Data for age group 60-64 refers to 60-75.Country: Ukraine Data do not cover the persons who are still living in the area of Chernobyl contaminated with radioactive material. Data do not cover the persons who are living in institutions and those who are working in the army.Country: United Kingdom Data refer to the age group 16-24.Country: United States Data refer to the age group 16-24.